Table 1.

An overview of some reported electrochemical biosensors used for the detection of foodborne pathogens in food and the environment.

Target Pathogen	Bioreceptor	Detection Method	Assay Strategy	Material Type	LOD	Linear Range	Matrix	Ref.
Salmonella spp.	DNA probe	SWV–CV–EIS	SPIA-based biosensors	AuNPs/GCE	68 CFU/mL	6.8 × 101–6.8 × 108 CFU/mL	Animal meat	[106]
Salmonella spp.	DNA probe	SWV	SRCA-CRISPR/Cas12a signal amplification strategy	AuNPs/GCE	2.08 fg/μL	5.8 fg/μL–5.8 ng/μL	Chicken and pork	[107]
Salmonella spp.	Aptamer	DPV	Aptasensor	Gold nanoparticles	200 CFU/mL	2 × 102–2 × 106 CFU/mL	Milk	[108]
Salmonella spp.	Aptamer	CV–EIS–DPV	Aptasensor	rGO-AuNPs	200 CFU/mL	6 × 102–6 × 107 CFU/mL	Pork and beef	[109]
Salmonella spp.	Antibody	EIS	Immunosensors	Multilayer graphene	13 CFU/mL	101–105 CFU/mL	Chicken broth	[110]
Salmonella spp.	Antibody	DPV	Immunosensor	CoFe-MOFs-graphene	1.2 × 102 CFU/mL	2.4 × 102–2.4 × 108 CFU/mL	Milk	[111]
S. enteritidis	Bacteriophages as new molecular probes	EIS	Phage-based biosensor	GDE-AuNPs-Cys-Phage SEP37	1 CFU/mL	2 × 102–2 × 105 CFU/mL	Chicken breast meat	[112]
S. pullorum and S. gallinarum	Antibody	CV	Immunosensor	SPCE	16.1 CFU/mL	101–109 CFU/mL	Chicken and eggs	[113]
S. typhi	DNA probe	DPV	DNA biosensor	SPE/P-Cys@AuNPs	1 CFU/mL	1.8–1.8 × 105 CFU/mL	Blood, poultry faeces, eggs and milk	[114]
S. typhimurium	Magnetosome-anti-Salmonella antibody complex	EIS	Magnetosome-based biosensors	SPCE	101 CFU/mL	101–107 CFU/mL	Water and milk	[115]
S. typhimurium	Antibody	CV–EIS	Immunosensor	AuNPs/PAMAM-MWCNT-Chi/GCE	5.0 × 102 CFU/mL	1.0 × 103–1.0 × 107 CFU/mL	Milk	[116]
S. typhimurium	Aptamer	DPV	Aptasensor	rGO-TiO2 nanocomposite	101 CFU/mL	101–108 CFU/mL	Chicken meat	[117]
S. typhimurium	DNA probe	SWV–CV–EIS	SRCA-based ratiometric electrochemical biosensor	SH-β-CD/AuNPs/GCE	15.8 fg/μL	30 fg/μL–30 ng/μL	Animal meat, eggs and dairy products	[118]
S. typhimurium	Antibody	SWV	Immunosensor	SPCE	4 CFU/mL	4–36 CFU/mL	Milk	[119]
S. typhimurium	Aptamer	CV–EIS	Aptasensor	AuNPs/GCE	1 CFU/mL	6.5 × 102–6.5 × 108 CFU/mL	Eggs	[120]
E. coli	Engineered phage	DPV	Bacteriophage-based biosensors	SWCNT-SPE	1 CFU/mL	1–104 CFU/mL	Spinach leaves	[121]
E. coli	L-cysteine	CV	Amino functionalized iron nanoparticles-based biosensors	L-Cyst-Fe3O4 NPs	10 CFU/mL	101–105 CFU/mL	Tap water	[122]
E. coli	PNA probe	Conductometry	DNA biosensor	AuNPs	102 CFU/mL	103–108 CFU/mL	Water	[123]
E. coli	Aptamer-primer probe	CV–DPV	RCA coupled DNAzyme amplification-based biosensor	Au	8 CFU/mL	9.4–9.4 × 105 CFU/mL	Milk	[124]
E. coli	Antibody	CV–EIS	Immunosensor	AuSPEs	30 CFU/mL	101–108 CFU/mL	Drinking water	[125]
E. coli	Aptamer	DPV	Aptasensor	Au	80 CFU/mL	5.0 × 102–5.0 × 107 CFU/mL	Licorice extract	[126]
E. coli	Antibody	EIS	MOF based biosensor	Ab/Cu3(BTC)2-PANI/ITO	2 CFU/mL	2.0–2 × 108 CFU/mL	Lake water	[127]
E. coli	Aptamer-NanoZyme	CV	Aptamer-NanoZyme based biosensor	AuNPs	10 CFU/mL	101–109 CFU/mL	Apple juice	[128]
E. coli O157:H7	DNA probe	DPV	CRISPR/Cas12a- and immuno-RCA-based biosensors	Au	10 CFU/mL	101–107 CFU/mL	Milk	[129]
E. coli O157:H7	Aptamer	CV–EIS–DPV	Aptasensor	Au	10 CFU/mL	101–106 CFU/mL	Milk	[130]
E. coli O157:H7	Dual-DNA probe	CV–EIS–DPV	Dual-DW biosensor	Au	30 aM	10−7–10−1 nM	Peach juice and milk	[131]
E. coli O157:H7	Dual-DNA probe	SWV	Dual-DW biosensor	Polyaniline nanopillar array	10 CFU/mL	101–105 CFU/mL	Milk	[132]
E. coli O157:H7	Aptamer	Impedimetry	Aptasensor	MNPs-AuNPs	10 CFU/mL	101–105 CFU/mL	Milk	[133]
E. coli O157:H7	DNA probe	DPV	DNA hybridization biosensors	CD/ZnO/PANI	1.3 × 10−18 M	1.3 × 10−18–5.2 × 10−12 M	Water	[134]
E. coli O157:H7	Aptamer	EIS	Aptasensor	3D-IDEA	2.9 × 102 CFU/mL	101–105 CFU/mL	Drinking water	[135]
E. coli O157:H7	Antibody	CV	Immunosensor	SPCE-PANI-AuNPs	2.84 × 103 CFU/mL	8.9 × 103–8.9 × 109 CFU/mL	Milk and pork	[136]
S. aureus	DNA probe	SWV	SRCA-CRISPR/Cas12a -based E-DNA biosensor	AuNPs/GCE	3 CFU/mL	3.9 × 101–3.9 × 107 CFU/mL	Milk	[137]
S. aureus	DNA probe	EIS	Aptasensor	rGO-AuNPs	10 CFU/mL	10–106 CFU/mL	Fish and water	[138]
S. aureus	DNA probe	DPV	SDA reaction and triple-helix molecular switch based biosensor	Au	8 CFU/mL	30–3 × 108 CFU/mL	Lake water, tap water and honey	[139]
S. aureus	IgG	EIS	Label-free ECL biosensor	Carboxyl graphene/porcin IgG/GCE	3.1 × 102 CFU/mL	103–109 CFU/mL	Milk, lake water, human saliva and human urine	[140]
S. aureus	Aptamer	CV–EIS	Aptasensor	AuNPs/CNPs/CNFs	1 CFU/mL	1.2 × 101–1.2 × 108 CFU/mL	Human serum	[141]
S. aureus	DNA probe	DPV	DNA biosensor	MWCNT-Chi-Bi	3.17×10−14 M	3.87 × 10−14–1.22 × 10−15 M	Beef	[142]
S. aureus	Antibody	CV–DPV	Paper-based immunosensor	SWCNT	13 CFU/mL	10–107 CFU/mL	Milk	[143]
S. aureus	Aptamer	DPV	Aptasensor	AgNPs	1 CFU/mL	10–106 CFU/mL	Tap and river water	[144]
S. aureus	Dual-DNA probe	DPV	DNA walker and DNA nanoflowers based biosensor	Au	9 CFU/mL	60–6 × 107 CFU/mL	Lake water, tap water and honey	[145]
Shigella flexneri	DNA probe	CV–EIS–DPV	DNA biosensor	ITO/P-Mel/PGA/DSS	10 cells/mL	80–8 × 1010 Cells/mL	Meat, milk, bread, tape water and salad	[146]
Shigella dysenteriae	Aptamer	EIS	Aptasensor	GCE/AuNPs	1 CFU/mL	101–106 CFU/mL	Water and milk	[147]
Campylobacter spp.	DNA probe	CV–SWV	Genosensor	COP/Au	90 pM	1–25 nM	Raw poultry meat	[148]
L. monocytogenes	Antibody	CV–EIS	Immunosensor	SAM/Au	102 CFU/mL	103–106 CFU/mL	Milk	[149]
L. monocytogenes	DNA probe	CV	DNA biosensor	CNF/AuNPs	82 fg/6 µL	0–0.234 ng/6 μL	Milk	[150]
L. monocytogenes	Antibody	CV	Immunosensor	MWCNT fibres	1.07 × 102 CFU/mL	102–105 CFU/mL	Milk	[151]
L. monocytogenes	Antibody	EIS	Immunosensor	IDE/MBs-AuNPs	30 CFU/mL	3.0 × 101–3.0 × 104 CFU/mL	Lettuce	[152]
L. monocytogenes	DNA probe	CV	DNA biosensor	MNPs	102 CFU/mL	2 × 102–2 × 107 CFU/mL	Ham	[153]
L. monocytogenes	DNA probe	SWV	CRISPR/Cas12a-based biosensor	Au	9.4 × 102 CFU/g	9.4 × 100–9.4 × 107 CFU/mL	Flammulina velutipes	[154]
L. monocytogenes	Ferric ammonium citrate and esculin	Amperometry	SCC based biosensor	Pt	-	102–108 CFU/mL	Milk	[155]
L. monocytogenes	Antibody	EIS	Immunosensor	IDE Au	5.5 CFU/mL	1 × 102–2.2 × 103 CFU/mL	Milk	[156]
L. monocytogenes	DNA probe	DPV	DNA biosensor	ssDNA/RGO/AuNPs/CILE	3.17 × 10–14 M	10–13–10–6 M	Fish meat	[157]
L. monocytogenes	Polyclonal antibody	EIS	Impedance biosensor	MNP(MAb)-Lm-AuNPs (urease-PAb)/SPIE	1.6 × 103 CFU/mL	1.9 × 103–1.9 × 106 CFU/mL	Lettuce	[158]

Abbreviations: limit of detection, LOD; differential pulse voltammetry, DPV; poly cysteine, P-Cys; colony-forming units, CFU; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS; screen-printed carbon electrode, SPCE; single primer isothermal amplification, SPIA; square wave voltammetry, SWV; cyclic voltammetry, CV; glassy carbon electrode, GCE; saltatory rolling circle amplification, SRCA; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated, CRISPR–Cas; reduced graphene oxide, rGO; thiol-modified β-cyclodextrin, SH-β-CD; immuno-rolling circle amplification, immuno-RCA; single-wall carbon nanotube-modified screen-printed electrode, SWCNT-SPE; L-cysteine, L-Cyst; Nanoparticles, NPs; peptide nucleic acid, PNA; dual-DNA walker, dual-DW; gold screen printed electrodes, AuSPEs; magnetic nanoparticles, MNPs; carbon dot, CD; polymerizing aniline, PANI; metal–organic frameworks, MOFs; indium–tin oxide, ITO; three-dimensional interdigitated electrode array, 3D-IDEA; polyaniline, PANI; strand displacement amplification, SDA; electrochemiluminescent, ECL; immunoglobulin G, IgG; carbon nanoparticles, CNPs; cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite, CNFs; multiwalled carbon nanotubes–chitosan–bismuth, MWCNT-Chi-Bi; poly melamine, P-Mel; poly-glutamic acid, PGA; disuccinimidyl suberate, DSS; cyclo Olefin Polymer, COP; self-assembled monolayers, SAM; interdigitated electrode, IDE; magnetic beads, MBs; magnetic nanoparticles, MNPs; somatic cell count, SCC; interdigitated electrode, IDE; carbon ionic liquid electrode, CILE; monoclonal antibody, MAb; polyclonal antibody, PAbs; screen-printed interdigitated electrode, SPIE.