Table 2.
An overview of metabolomics alteration by glucose-lowering medications.
| Medication | Metabolites Alteration by Antidiabetic Therapy | References |
|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle/Urea cycle/Hydroxyl-methyl uracil Glucose/Glycerol-phospholipids Propionic acid/Eicosanoids Valine/Tyrosine/Carnitine serum/BCAAs (Isoleucine Leucine Valine) |
[23,24,25] |
| Gliclazide | Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle/ketone body metabolites/methyl hexadecanoate lipid oxidation/5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid/methyl 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate BCAAs |
[26] |
| Liraglutide | Sphingolipids (ceramides) | [27,28] |
| Rosiglitazone | Glutamine/Lactate/Valine/Lysine Glucuronolactone/urate/Octadecanoate |
[29,30] |
| Pioglitazone | Clustered AA and metabolite pairs: (i) phenylalanine/tyrosine (ii) citrulline/arginine (iii) lysine/α-aminoadipic acid |
[31] |