Table 2.
Summary of changes associated with the ET-1 pathway in various diseases. ↑ is increased and ↓ is decreased.
| Changes to ET-1 Pathway | Associated Pathology | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma ET-1 levels | ↑ | Early hypertension | [95] |
| Hypertension | [95,96] | ||
| Malignant hypertension | [96,97] | ||
| Atherosclerosis | [98,99,100,101,102] | ||
| Cardiac ischaemia | [103] | ||
| Air pollution-induced vascular pathology | [104,105] | ||
| Asthma | [106] | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | [107] | ||
| COVID-19 | [108,109,110] | ||
| No change | Early hypertension | [96] | |
| Hypertension | [97] | ||
| Asthma | [111] | ||
| Tissue ET-1 levels | ↑ | Early hypertension | [95] |
| Atherosclerosis | [99,112,113,114,115,116] | ||
| Heart failure | [117] | ||
| Diabetes | [118] | ||
| Sickle cell disease | [119] | ||
| No change | Early hypertension | [96] | |
| ET-1 transcription | ↑ | Preeclampsia | [120] |
| Heart failure | [117] | ||
| Cardiac ischaemia | [103] | ||
| Air-pollution-induced vascular pathology | [121] | ||
| Diabetes | [6] | ||
| Sickle cell disease | [119] | ||
| ET-1 release | ↑ | Early hypertension | [95] |
| Preeclampsia | [120] | ||
| Atherosclerosis | [100] | ||
| Diabetes | [122] | ||
| Asthma | [111] | ||
| ET receptor expression | ↑ ETA | Atherosclerosis | [115] |
| Diabetes | [122] | ||
| Sickle cell disease | [119] | ||
| ↑ ETB | Atherosclerosis | [114] | |
| Diabetes | [122] | ||
| Cancer | [123] | ||
| Mechanism of pathology involving ET-1 | ↑ Inflammation | Atherosclerosis | [116] |
| Pathological tissue remodelling | Heart failure | [117] | |
| Fibrosis | Heart failure | [124,125,126] | |
| Cell death | Cardiac ischaemia | [127] | |
| Beneficial | Heart failure | [128,129] | |
| ↓ Immune cell infiltration | Cancer | [123,130] | |