AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AGE	Advanced glycation end product
AP-1	Activator protein-1
APOE	Apolipoprotein E
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
Aβ	Beta amyloid
BACE-1	β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1
Bcl2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BDNF	Brain derived neurotropic factor
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CDC	Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
CDR	Clinical Dementia Rating
CI	Cognitive impairment
CNS	Central nervous system
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
DM	Diabetes Mellitus
DSST	Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Ex-4	Exenatide acetate
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
GcgR	Glucagon Receptor
GIPR	GIP receptor
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GLP1-RA	Glucagon-like peptide 1- receptor agonist
GLP-1Rs	GLP-1 receptors
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HRs	Hazard ratios
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IDE	Insulin degrading enzyme
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor-1
IL-1	Interleukin-1
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IRS-1	Insulin Receptor Substrates-1
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
MAPK	Mitogen activated protein kinase
MCI	Mild cognitive impairement
MoCA	Montreal Cognitive Assessment
MRI	Magnetic Resonance imaging
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NC	patients without Cognitive impairment
NFTs	Neurofibrillary tangles
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NTS	Nucleus of the solitary tract
OA	Okadaic acid
PET	Positron Emission Tomography
PHFs	Paired helical fibers
PIB	Pittsburgh compound B
PPG	Preproglucagon
PS1	Presenilin 1
PSD95	Postsynaptic density protein 95
ROS	Reactive forms of oxygen
SB	Sum-of-boxes
STAT	Signal transducers and activator of transcription
STZ	Streptozotocin
sVCAM-1	Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
T1DM	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
T2DM	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
TNF-α	tumour necrosis factor α
WHO	World Health Organization
VaD	Vascular Dementia