Table 2.
Composition, types of pretreatments, and yields derived from agro-industrial residues used in xylooligosaccharides production.
| Residue | Composition | Pretreatment | Yield | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugarcane bagasse | Glucan 37.61% | Hydrothermal | XOs: 67.12% | [59] |
| Xylan 21.87% | ||||
| Lignin 20.60% | ||||
| Sugarcane bagasse | Cellulose 38.9% | Hydrothermal and organosolv | Conversion of 90% into XOs | [60] |
| Hemicellulose 28.2% | ||||
| Lignin 19.7% | ||||
| Sugarcane bagasse | Glucan 43.49% | Hydrothermal | XOs: 50.53% | [61] |
| Xylan 22.68% | ||||
| Lignin 20.75% | ||||
| Corn cob | Glucan 37.5% | Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid | XOs: 58.3 g of XOs from 1 kg of corn cob | [44] |
| Xylan 32.9% | ||||
| Lignin 13.7% | ||||
| Corn cob | Glucan 30.3 ± 0.9 | Alkali and hydrothermal | Alkali: 59 mg of XOs; hydrothermal: 115 mg of XOs per gram of initial biomass | [62] |
| Xylan 25.8 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Lignin 20 ± 1 | ||||
| Corn cob | Glucan 33.1% | Gluconic acid | 180 g of XOs per 1 kg of corn cob | [63] |
| Xylan 32.8% | ||||
| Lignin 19.0% | ||||
| Wheat straw | Glucose 41.17 ± 2.04 | Hydrothermal | N.C. | [64] |
| Xylose 25.73 ± 1.28 | ||||
| Lignin 20.13 ± 1.01 | ||||
| Poplar | Glucan 44.0% | Sodium chlorite and acetic acid | 4.0 g of XOs and 6.6 g of xylose per 100 g of poplar | [65] |
| Xylan 18.4% | ||||
| Lignin 26.3% | ||||
| Bamboo shoot shell | Glucan 38.2 ± 1.0 | Hydrothermal | 6.6 g of XOs per 100 g of bamboo shoot shell | [66] |
| Xylan 25.7 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Lignin 25.2 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Cassava peel-based | Cellulose 26.07 ± 2.46 | Sodium hydroxide | 24.21 mg of XOs per 1 g of pretreated biomass | [67] |
| Hemicellulose 13.09 ± 0.62 | ||||
| Lignin 38.30 ± 2.24 | ||||
| Poplar sawdust | Glucan 46.9 ± 0.3 | Acetic acid | 7.2 g XOs per 100 g of poplar sawdust | [68] |
| Xylan 18.6 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Lignin 28.3 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Peach palm—inner sheath | Cellulose 34.2 ± 4% | Sodium hydroxide | XOs: 50.1% | [69] |
| Hemicellulose 19 ± 2% | ||||
| Lignin 23 ± 2% | ||||
| Peach palm—peel | Cellulose 36.0 ± 4% | Sodium hydroxide | XOs: 48.8% | [69] |
| Hemicellulose 20 ± 4% | ||||
| Lignin 20 ± 3% | ||||
| Pineapple peel waste | Cellulose 20.9 ± 0.6 | Hydrothermal | XOs: 25.7 ± 0.4 g/100 g of xylan; xylose: ~91.3% |
[70] |
| Hemicellulose 31.8 ± 1.9 | ||||
| Lignin 10.4 ± 1 | ||||
| Birch sawdust | Glucan 46.6 | Hydrothermal | XOs: 46.1% | [71] |
| Xylan 22.4 | ||||
| Lignin 23.7 | ||||
| Rice husk | Cellulose 28.6% | Microwave | Arabinoxylan: 9.01 g/100 |
[53] |
| Hemicellulose 28.6% | ||||
| Lignin 24.4% | ||||
| Sugarcane bagasse | Cellulose 43.6% | Microwave | 290.2 mg/g | [57] |
| Hemicellulose 33.5% | ||||
| Lignin 18.1% | ||||
| Wheat straw | Glucan 33.2% ± 0.4 | Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent | 72.7 g/kg wheat straw | [58] |
| Xylan 19.7% ± 0.1% | ||||
| Lignin 21.1% ± 0.1 |
N.C. not calculated.