Table 3.
Summarization of vitamin D function in different immune related disorders.
| Disease | Cells affected by vitamin D | Mechanism of action | Target genes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allergic rhinitis | T-helper type 2, Eosinophil | Decreased expression of CD86 | MIR17HG miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene | (56, 57) |
| Asthma | CD4 + T cells | Respiratory infection prevention via enhancing the immunity of the lungs, inhibiting steroid resistance by increasing the production of IL-10 | VDR gene | (58, 59) |
| Atopic Dermatitis (AD) | Keratinocytes | Regulation of epidermal function and local immune response | CYP24A1 | (60, 61) |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | T cells | Decreasing the production of IL-12 via NF-kB downregulation, inhibition of IFN-γ | TaqI | (62, 63) |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Whole body | HLA-DRB*15 upregulation | HLA-DRB1 | (64) |
| Parkinson disease (PD) | Alterations in VDR expression levels | BsmI, FokI | (65) | |
| Infection-related disorders | Macrophages, monocytes, Paneth cells | Enhancement of cell autophagy, release of antimicrobial proteins | mTOR, cathelicidine | (66, 67) |
| Cancer | Tumor cells | MAPK and Nf-kB inhibition, immune regulation | MKP5, Nf-kB | (9, 68) |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | DCs and macrophages, cytotoxic T cells | Self-tolerance and immune regulation | MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules | (69, 70) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD | B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages | Enhancing the expression of IL-10, suppressing the proliferation of B and T cells | VDR, IL-10, Cathelicidine | (50, 71) |