Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Total | No hypertension | Hypertension | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients (%) | 14,249 (100) | 3,040 (21.3) | 11,209 (78.7) | |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 50.9 ± 10.9 | 49.0 ± 11.0 | 51.4 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| 20–39 | 1,956 (13.7) | 507 (16.7) | 1,449 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| 40–64 | 10,885 (76.4) | 2,323 (76.4) | 8,562 (76.4) | |
| ≥65 | 1,408 (9.9) | 210 (6.9) | 1,198 (10.7) | |
| Sex, male (%) | 8,299 (58.2) | 1,302 (42.8) | 6,997 (62.4) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 8,997 (63.1) | 2,153 (70.8) | 6,844 (61.1) | |
| Former | 3,851 (27.0) | 614 (20.2) | 3,237 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| Current | 1,401 (9.8) | 273 (9.0) | 1,128 (10.1) | |
| Five hypertension groups (%) | ||||
| Normal BP | 2,260 (15.9) | 2,260 (74.3) | ||
| Elevated BP | 780 (5.5) | 780 (25.7) | ||
| Incident hypertension without medication | 2,949 (20.7) | 2,949 (26.3) | ||
| Controlled hypertension | 3,050 (21.4) | 3,050 (27.2) | ||
| Uncontrolled hypertension | 5,210 (36.6) | 5,210 (46.5) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 2,905 (20.4) | 621 (20.4) | 2,284 (20.4) | 0.951 |
| Regular physical activity (%) | 3,181 (22.3) | 629 (20.7) | 2,552 (22.8) | 0.015 |
| Low income (%) | 3,911 (27.5) | 835 (27.5) | 3,076 (27.4) | 0.978 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4,259 (29.9) | 617 (20.3) | 3,642 (32.5) | <0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 613 (4.3) | 79 (2.6) | 534 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 7,380 (51.8) | 1,128 (37.1) | 6,252 (55.8) | <0.001 |
| WC, mean ± SD, cm | 80.3 ± 9.5 | 76.9 ± 9.0 | 81.2 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Height, mean ± SD, cm | 164.0 ± 8.7 | 162.4 ± 8.5 | 164.4 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Weight, mean ± SD, cm | 62.2 ± 11.2 | 58.5 ± 10.2 | 63.2 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 22.1 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | 3,661 (25.7) | 514 (16.9) | 3,147 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mean ± SD, mg/dl | 105.2 ± 33.3 | 100.6 ± 28.9 | 106.4 ± 34.3 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mean ± SD, mg/dl | 184.2 ± 37.3 | 182.6 ± 35.7 | 184.7 ± 37.7 | 0.007 |
| Antihypertensive medicationsa | ||||
| Diuretics (%) | 2,057 (14.4) | 2,057 (14.4) | ||
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 5,795 (40.7) | 5,795 (40.7) | ||
| β-blockers (%) | 1,702 (11.9) | 1,702 (11.9) | ||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (%) | 683 (4.8) | 683 (4.8) | ||
| Angiotensin receptor blockers (%) | 3,849 (27.0) | 3,849 (27.0) | ||
| Follow-up duration, mean ± SD, years | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 6.3 ± 2.7 | 5.9 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; WC, waist circumference; SD, standard deviation.
a
Claim within 1 year from index date.