Table 1.

Selected studies using stirred bioreactors for organoid culture. hiPSC: human induced pluripotent stem cells; mESC: mouse embryonic stem cells; hESC: human embryonic stem cells; ASC: adipose-derived stem cell.

Reference	Cell Source	Goal	Bioreactor Set-Up	Outcomes
Lancaster et al. [25,26].	hESCs and hiPSC.	Generation of cerebral organoids using stirred bioreactors.	125 mL spinner flask.	Successful generation of organoids expressing markers for neurons and specific brain regions.
Qian et al. [21].	hiPSCs.	Region-specific brain organoids to model exposure to ZIKA virus.	Custom miniaturized spinning bioreactor (SpinΩ).	Successful generation of organoids specific to brain regions using a bioreactor.
Fluri et al. [28].	Fibroblast to hiPSCs.	Derivation and expansion of iPSCs from somatic cells.	Spinner flasks.	Culture in spinner flasks obviates need for feeder cells, serum, and solid substrate. iPSCs comparable to monolayer.
Zur Nieden et al. [30].	mESCs.	Pluripotent expansion and proliferation.	100 mL stirred flask.	hESCs in suspension maintain pluripotency and are easily scalable.
Ovando-Roche et al. [22].	hiPSCs.	Preservation of retina-like architecture and enhanced generation of photoreceptors .	100 mL stirred flask.	Improved laminar stratification and increase in photoreceptor yield.
Schneeberger et al. [31].	Patient-derived liver biopsies.	Generation of large-scale liver organoids.	100 mL spinner flask.	Culture in spinner flask increased the size and differentiation of the organoid.