Table 2.

Selected studies utilizing microfluidic bioreactors for organoid culture. hiPSC: human induced pluripotent stem cells; BMSC: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.

Reference	Cell Source	Goal	Bioreactor Setup	Outcomes
Zhang et al. [36].	HepG2, hiPSCs.	Integration of multiple sensors for automated and continuous in situ monitoring.	Layered PDMS microbioreactor integrated with microelectrode array.	Real-time monitoring of microenvironmental parameters, soluble biomarkers, and organoid morphology.
Toh et al. [42].	HepG2, MCF7, BMSCs.	Improvement of cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction via perfusion-seeding and entrapment.	Perfused PDMS substrate equipped with microchannel and micropillar array.	Preservation of 3D cytoarchitecture, differentiation competence, and cell-specific function. Direct microscopy monitoring.
Fu et al. [43].	HepG2 and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cells.	Enhanced formation of multicellular spheroids using a microfluidic Bioreactor.	Two-port PDMS perfusion bioreactor with U-shaped hydrogel structures.	Successful trapping of cells and spheroid formation in non-adherent hydrogel structures.
Wang et al. [44].	hiPSCs.	Creation of a chip-based liver model.	Perfused PDMS micropillar array.	Better tissue functionality from a perfused chip system than static culture.
Achberger et al. [45].	hiPSCs.	Biomimetic model of subretinal space vascularization and cell interaction.	Hydrogel-laden PDMS chamber with PET membrane on a glass slide.	Vascular-like perfusion improved the interaction of the photoreceptor, and RPE enhanced the outer segment-like structures.