Table 3.

Selected studies utilizing rotating wall vessel bioreactors for organoid culture. hiPSC: human induced pluripotent stem cells; mESC: mouse embryonic stem cells; hESC: human embryonic stem cells.

Reference	Cell Source	Goal	Bioreactor Setup	Outcomes
Rogers et al. [63].	Human mesenchymal stem cells.	Embryoid Body cell expansion.	10 mL HARV from Synthecon, GelMA microcarriers.	Cells maintain pluripotency and differentiation capacity as well as or better than monolayer culture.
Botta et al. [61].	PC12 cells.	Spheroid formation.	50 mL HARV from Synthecon, microcarrier beads.	Real-time imaging shows an increase in aggregate size over time.
Wilkinson et al. [64].	iPSC-derived lung fibroblasts.	Lung organoid generation.	4 mL HARV from Synthecon, alginate beads.	Lung organoids generated in a scalable manner appropriate for high-throughput screening.
DiStefano et al. [65].	mESCs.	Improved retinal organoid generation.	50 mL HARV from Synthecon.	Faster growth and maturation in RWV compared to static, as shown by fluorescence imaging and RNA-seq.
Takahashi et al. [74].	Human iPSCs.	Intestinal organoid.	JTEC CellPet 3-D Ips [75].	More efficient, robust, and scalable organoid generation.
Papadaki et al. [76].	Rat primary cardiomyocytes.	Cardiac Organoid.	100 mL HARV from Synthecon.	HARV-cultured organoids have improved contraction and cardiac gene expression.
Lelkes et al. [67].	PC12 cells.	Neuroendocrine organoid culture.	35 mL HARV from Synthecon.	Increase in neuroendocrine expression over neuronal expression and increased vascularization with RWV culture.
Phelan et al. [68].	A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells.	Cancer organoid.	Custom 10 mL air bubble-isolating RWV.	RWV without bubbles led to significant increases in organoid size.