Table 4.
Pre (T0)–post (T1) comparisons within groups: Paired t-tests.
| Intervention Group (n = 21) | Control Group (n = 14) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measures (Range) | T0 | T1 | Paired t-Test | ES a | T0 | T1 | Paired t-Test | ES a | ||
| M (SD) |
M (SD) |
t(df) | p Value | d | M (SD) |
M (SD) |
t(df) | p Value | d | |
| Anxiety: HADS-A (0–21) |
7.57 (4.06) |
5.29 (2.94) |
2.788(20) | 0.011 * | 0.608 | 9.14 (2.68) |
10.57 (3.98) |
−1.439(13) | 0.174 | −0.385 |
| Depression: HADS-D (0–21) |
4.76 (3.08) |
2.95 (2.87) |
2.682(20) | 0.014 * | 0.585 | 6.64 (2.31) |
7.14 (3.11) |
−0.584(13) | 0.569 | −0.156 |
| Distress: HADS (0–42) |
12.33 (5.56) |
8.24 (5.33) |
3.107(20) | 0.006 * | 0.678 | 15.79 (4.17) |
17.71 (5.24) |
−1.422(13) | 0.179 | −0.380 |
| Fighting spirit: Mini-MAC (1–4) |
3.06 (0.58) |
3.20 (0.65) |
−1.474(20) | 0.156 | −0.322 | 2.95 (0.72) |
3.04 (1.00) |
−0.330(13) | 0.747 | −0.088 |
| Hopeless/ helplessness: Mini-MAC (1–4) |
1.54 (0.52) |
1.45 (0.50) |
1.789(20) | 0.089 | 0.390 | 1.91 (0.68) |
2.96 (0.74) |
−5.192(13) | 0.0001 ** | −1.388 |
| Anxious preoccupation: Mini-MAC (1–4) |
2.07 (0.67) |
1.73 (0.71) |
4.198(20) | 0.0001 ** | 0.916 | 2.47 (0.52) |
2.64 (0.49) |
−1.686(13) | 0.116 | −0.450 |
| Fatalism: Mini-MAC (1–4) |
3.04 (0.60) |
3.09 (0.50) |
−0.384(20) | 0.705 | −0.084 | 2.92 (0.67) |
3.03 (0.79) |
−0.591(13) | 0.565 | −0.158 |
| Avoidance: Mini-MAC (1–4) |
2.90 (0.82) |
2.83 (0.86) |
0.487(20) | 0.631 | 0.106 | 2.46 (0.80) |
3.32 (0.60) |
−3.397(13) | 0.005 * | −0.908 |
| Forward focus: PACT (1–7) |
5.19 (1.12) |
5.58 (0.98) |
−2.920(20) | 0.008 * | −0.637 | 4.50 (1.29) |
4.33 (1.34) |
0.602(13) | 0.557 | 0.161 |
| Trauma focus: PACT (1–7) |
4.91 (1.22) |
5.17 (0.95) |
−1.425(20) | 0.170 | −0.311 | 4.87 (1.22) |
4.36 (1.09) |
1.257(13) | 0.231 | 0.336 |
| Flexibility: PACT (0–1) |
0.86 (0.06) |
0.87 (0.06) |
−0.818(20) | 0.423 | −0.179 | 0.82 (0.08) |
0.80 (0.08) |
0.949(13) | 0.360 | 0.254 |
| Body image: BIS (0–30) |
14.43 (6.98) |
7.95 (3.54) |
6.234(20) | 0.0001 ** | 1.360 | 18.64 (5.08) |
22.43 (6.11) |
−1.717 | 0.110 | −0.459 |
Abbreviations: HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Depression subscale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Mini-MAC, Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale; PACT, Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma; BIS, Body Image Scale. a ES, Effect Size (Cohen’s d): d = 0.2 small effect; d = 0.5 medium effect; d = 0.8 large effect [43]. ** p < 0.001. * p < 0.05.