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A scheme of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulating spermatogenesis and the effects of endocrine disruption causing “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”. Abbreviations: GnRH—gonadotropin-releasing hormone; FSH—follicle stimulating hormone; LH—luteinising hormone; ER—oestrogen receptor; PR—progesterone receptor; T—testosteron. Adapted from Ref. [171], CC 3.0 Licence. Modified here with the addition of female regulation pathways (in red font).
