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The evolutionary route of the link between reducing male fertility and the increasing risk of cancer emerging in mammals and Eutherian hominids driven by DNA damage and stress response through toggling sex determination and immunity/angiogenesis-invasive (“placentation”) activities towards parthenogenetic cancer. Abbreviations: Str—Phylostrata; DDR—DNA damage response; PGCC—polyploid giant cancer cell; ESC—embryonic stem cell; PGC—primordial germ cell; ERV—endogenous retroviruses.
