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. 2023 Jul 19;24(14):11641. doi: 10.3390/ijms241411641

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed animal model. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during development alters the characteristics of myometrial stem cells (MMSCs) and triggers inflammatory pathways within these cells, which are the source of uterine fibroids (UFs). The abnormal expression of reprogrammed inflammatory responsive genes (IRGs) in MMSCs is driven by the activation of mixed-lineage leukemia protein-1 (MLL1). The EDC, acting as an environmental risk factor, disrupts the epigenetic regulation of MMSCs through modifications to histones, leading to the activation of inflammatory pathways, ultimately contributing to the development of UFs. By inhibiting MLL1 and histone deacetylases (HDACs), the reprogramming of IRGs induced by EDC exposure can be reversed. This figure was created using the BioRender software (BioRender.com).