Table 1.

Observational studies and meta-analyses of statin use in the COVID-19 setting.

First Author	N	Population	% on Statins	Outcomes	Measure	Results	95% CI	p
Daniels et al. (2020) [54]	170	Adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19, at UC San Diego Health	27%, on admission	Reduced risk of severe COVID-19	OR	0.29	0.11–0.71	p < 0.01
				Faster time to recovery among those without severe disease	HR	2.69	1.36–5.33	p < 0.01
Zhang et al. (2020) [55]	13,981	Adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19, in Hubei Province, China	8.7%	Cox time-varying model: All-cause mortality	HR	0.63	0.48–0.84	p = 0.001
				Mixed-effects Cox model: All-cause mortality		0.58	0.43–0.80	p = 0.001
Grasselli et al. (2020) [64]	3988	Adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19, in Italy	12%	Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis: mortality	HR	0.98	0.81–1.20	p = 0.87
Ayeh et al. (2021) [68]	4447	Adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19, at John Hopkins Medical Institutions	13.4%	Mortality	RR	1.00	0.99–1.01	p = 0.928
				Severe Infection		1.18	1.11–1.27	p < 0.001
Cariou et al. (2021) [69]	2449	Adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes, from CORONADO study	49%	7-day mortality	OR	1.74	1.13–2.65	N/A
				28-day mortality		1.46	1.08–1.95
Israel et al. (2020) [56]	6530	Adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19, in Israel	5.0%	Hospitalization	OR	0.673	0.596–0.758	p < 0.001
Meta-analyses
Vahedian-Azimi et al. (2021) [57]	32,715 (24 studies total)	Varies by study	Varies by study	Pre-hospital use of statins: mortality (n = 18 studies)	OR	0.77	0.60–0.98	N/A
				In-hospital use of statins: mortality (n = 3 studies)		0.40	0.22–0.73
Wu et al. (2021) [58]	(22 studies total)	Varies by study	Varies by study	Pre-hospital use of statins: mortality	RR	0.69	0.56–0.84	p < 0.001
				In-hospital use of statins: mortality		0.57	0.54–0.60	p < 0.001
Vahedian-Azimi et al. (2021)—Follow-up [59]	3,238,508 (47 studies total)	Varies by study	Varies by study	Pre-hospital use of statins: mortality (n = 29 studies)	OR	1.06	0.82–1.37	p = 0.670
				In-hospital use of statins: mortality (n = 7 studies)		0.54	0.50–0.58	p < 0.001
Kow et al. (2020) [60]	Four studies	Varies by study	Varies by study	“Fatal or severe” COVID-19 outcomes	HR	0.70	0.53–0.94	N/A
Pal et al. (2021) [65]	19,988 (14 studies total)	Varies by study	Varies by study	Unadjusted analysis: statin use not associated with improved clinical outcomes	OR	1.02	0.69–1.50	p = 0.94
				Adjusted analysis: statin found to reduce risk of adverse outcomes		0.51	0.41–-0.63	p < 0.0005
Hariyanto et al. (2020) [67]	3449 (Nine studies total)	Varies by study	Varies by study	Severe outcomes	OR	1.64	0.51–5.23	p = 0.41
				Mortality		0.78	0.50–1.21	p = 0.26

OR = odds ratio; HR = hazard ratio; RR = relative risk/risk ratio.