Table 1.
Studies (5) assessing the influence of NMSs on QoL.
| Study | Aim | Sample Size | Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Assessment | Outcomes | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Werle et al., 2014 [11] | Verify the existence of a correlation between the level of motor impairment, pain and QoL | 70 CD patients | 50 years old, range 21–79 years, being 44 (63%) women and 26 (37%) men Median age of onset: 39 years old, range 0–76 years |
CDQ-24 | The physical, social and emotional aspects are the most affected in the QoL |
Median = 52 (39–66 (first and third quartiles) points ranging between 13 and 90 points. |
| Smit et al., 2016 [27] | Examined the prevalence and severity of fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality | 44 CD patients and 43 controls | 51 years old, range 20–80 years Mean age of controls: 54 years old, range 25–83 years |
FSS; ESS; PSQI; BDI-II; BAI; RAND-36 | Pain and motor severity, fatigue, worse QoL | BDI = 10.6 ± 7.3 4.5 ± 5.0 <0.01 BAI = 9.3 ± 6.8 4.0 ± 4.2 <0.01 FSS = 4.4 ± 1.7/4.0 2.7 ± 1.4/3.1 <0.01/0.01 ESS = 8.8 ± 6.9/7.3 5.8 ± 4.9/7.4 0.04/0.95 PSQI = 7.4 ± 3.9/6.5 5.1 ± 4.4/6.1 <0.01/0.73 |
| Tomic et al., 2016 [28] | Analyze the presence of depression and anxiety in CD | 19 CD patients | 11 females and 8 males with mean ages of 59.37 ± 12.96 (age range 30–79) years Mean disease duration: 9 ± 6.46 (range 1–24) years |
TWSTRS; BDI-II; BAI; CDQ-24; SF-36 | Mild depression and moderate anxiety consequences on QoL | TWSTRS = 23.89 ± 9.51 CDQ-24 subscales = Disability yielded highest correlation with pain (r = 0.765) and daily activity (r = 0.755) SF-36 = Disability correlated mostly with physical function (q = 0.684) and emotional disability (q = 0.654), while pain correlated mostly with body pain (q = 0.744) and physical function (q = 0.636) |
| Han et al., 2020 [29] | Assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, fatigue, apathy, pain, sleep problems and EDS in CD patients | 102 CD patients | 76 females and 26 males with mean ages of 55.6 ± 13.9 years Mean age of dystonia onset: 44.9 ± 15.1 years Mean duration of the disease: 9.9 ± 8.9 years |
TWSTRS; CGI-S; BDI-II; BAI; SAS; MFI); PSQI; SF-36. | Poor sleep, depression and fatigue seem to be determinants in HRQoL in CD | CGI-S = mean (SD) 4.2 (1.2) Median (range) = 4 (2–7) TWSTRS = Mean (SD) 16.4 (5.3) Medina (range) 16 (6–30) BDI-II = mean (SD) 14.4 (10.6) median (range)12 (0–42) BAI = mean (SD) 15.1 (10.3) median (range)14 (0–49) SAS = mean (SD) 12.1 (6.8) median (range)11 (1–30) MFI = mean (SD)13.4 (4.9) median (range)14 (4–20) PSQI = mean (SD) 6.4 (3.7) median (range) 5 (0–18) SF-36 Physical health = mean (SD) 39.5 (10.2) SF-36 Mental health= mean (SD) 41.1 (12.1) |
| Monaghan et al., 2020 [30] | Assess cognition in CD patients and the interrelationships between NMSs and HRQoL | 46 CD participants | 31 females and 15 males with mean ages of 68 ± 10.7, range 33–80 | CDIP-58; EQ-5D-5L; BAI; BDI-II. | Pain and psychological distress were associated with low HRQoL | HADS anxiety = M ± SD 7.9 ± 4.83 HADS depression = M ± SD 4.61 ± 3.67 BAI = M ± SD 9.48 ± 9.5 BDI = M ± SD 10.32 ± 10.91 CDIP-58 Total Score = M ± SD 30.41 ± 20.83 |
Legends: CDQ-24 = Craniocervical dystonia questionnaire; FSS = Fatigue Severity Scale; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; RAND-36 = RAND-36 item Health Survey; TWSTRS = Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale; SF-36 = short version of Health Survey; CGI-S = 7-point Clinical Impression Scale; SAS = Starkstein’s Apathy Scale; MFI = Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; CDIP-58 = Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile; EQ-5D-5L = EuroQol Utility Values; HADS-A = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.