Inactivation of PERK and ATF6α in neurons led to memory loss. (A) Latency time to escape the maze during four consecutive training days. (B) The first time to reach the escape hole area was during the probe trial. (C) The time animals spent in each zone (Goal zone, Opposite zone, Zone+1 and Zone −1) of the maze during the probe trial. (D) The average distance from the animal to the position of the removed escape hole (the target) during the 90 s probe trial. (E) Mean speed during the probe trial. WT mice, N = 9 mice; PERK KO mice, N = 6 mice; ATF6 KO mice, N = 8 mice; Double KO mice, N = 11 mice. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.