Table A1.
Multiaxial assessment.
| Instrument | Type and Aims |
|---|---|
| Psychiatric Diagnosis (on Structured Level) | |
| International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/11) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) |
Codified medical classification of diseases [37] Classification manual of diagnosis of mental disorders [32] |
| Mini international neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) |
Short, structured diagnostic interview to assess psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria [38] |
| Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) |
Semi-structured interview used to measure current and past symptoms of mood, anxiety, psychotic, and disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents [39] |
| The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID PD) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, Clinician Version (SCID CV) |
Semi-structured diagnostic interview that guides assessment of the defining DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders components [40] Structured clinical interview to assess DSM-5 disorders [41] |
| Psychotic Symptoms | |
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Clinical scale measuring the severity of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia [42] |
| The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) |
Brief interview used to measure psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and psychoses [43] |
| Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) | Rating scale used to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia [44] |
| Depression/Mania | |
| Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) |
Clinical scale used to assess the severity of depression in patients with mood disorders and to measure the changes brought about by the treatment of depression [45] |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) |
Self-administered questionnaire providing a quantitative estimation of the intensity of depressive feelings [46] |
| Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) |
Semi-structured interview for the diagnosis of depressive disorders in children and adolescents [47] |
| Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) |
Self-report assessment measuring the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression [48] |
| Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) |
Clinical interview scale used to assess the severity of manic states [49] |
| Anxiety Disorders | |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) |
Self-administered questionnaire assessing anxiety [50] |
| Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) or Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5) |
Self-administered questionnaire measuring the level and nature of anxiety as experienced by children and adolescents [51] Self-report, or parent-report, assessing the full spectrum of symptoms of anxiety disorders in adolescents and children [52] |
| Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) |
Self-report scale measuring distress when meeting and talking with others [53] |
| Youth Self-Report for Ages 6-18 (YSR) Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (CBCL) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring emotional and behavioral problems [54] Parent questionnaire measuring behavioral and emotional problems [55] |
| Adult Self-Report (ASR) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring emotional and behavioral problems [56] |
| Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL) |
Proxy Informant Questionnaire assessing psychopathology [57] |
| Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) |
Clinician-administered rating scale measuring the range of social interactions and performance situations that individuals with social phobia may fear and/or avoid [58] |
| Overall Anxiety Severity Impairment Scale (OASIS) |
Self-reported questionnaire measuring frequency and severity of anxiety [59] |
| OCD | |
| Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) |
Semi-structured interview assessing severity and frequency of obsessions and compulsions [60] |
| Substance abuse, cannabis abuse | |
| Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (Alternative to SCID Section) |
Self-reported questionnaire for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption [61] |
| Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT, alternative to SCID Section) |
Self-reported questionnaire for identifying cannabis use disorder in at-risk populations [62] |
| Traumatic and Relevant Life Experiences | |
| Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) | Self-reported questionnaire that aims to detect experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adults and adolescents [63] |
| Coddington life events scale (CLES) | Self-reported questionnaire measuring the presence and impact of important life events [64] |
| Perceived stress reactivity scale related to life events (PSRS) | Self-reported questionnaire measuring stress reactivity [65] |
| Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS) |
Self-reported questionnaire assessing involvement in different forms of both bullying victimization and perpetration [66] |
| Suicide Risk, Ideation | |
| Risk-Urgence-Dangerosité (RUD) |
Semi-structural interview evaluating the dimensions of risk, urgency and dangerosity of a suicidal patient [67] |
| Other problems | |
| Birchwood Insight Scale (BIS) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring awareness of psychosis [68] |
| Paradox of Self-Stigma Scale (Pass-24) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring self-stigma and related constructs (stereotype endorsement, righteous anger, and non-disclosure) [69] |
| Reflective functioning questionnaire (RFQ) |
Self-reported measure for mentalizing [70] |
| Parental reflective functioning questionnaire (PRFQ-A, 12–18yrs.) |
Self-reported questionnaire that assesses parental reflective functioning or mentalizing, that is, the capacity to treat the infant as a psychological agent [71] |
| Social Cognition Screening Questionnaire (SCSQ) |
Vignette-based questionnaire used to screen for neurocognitive deficits and the patient’s needs for social cognitive intervention [72] |
| Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) | Self-report questionnaire to assess perceived adequacy of social support from family, friends, and significant others [73] |
| Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) |
Self-report questionnaire used to examine intrapersonal and interpersonal protective factors presumed to facilitate adaptation to psychosocial adversities [74] |
| Personality disorders | |
| NEO Five-Factor-Inventory (NEO-FFI) |
Self-report questionnaire that provides a measure of the five personality domains [75] |
| Level of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (LoPF-Q 12-18) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring alterations in the functional level of personality in four areas [76,77] |
| Autism | |
| Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) |
Self-report questionnaire to screen and monitor communications skills and social functioning in children who may have autism/autism spectrum disorders [78] |
| TDAH | |
| Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (Conners CBRS) |
Self-report, or observer report, to assess, diagnose and monitor treatment of ADHD in adults [79] Self-report questionnaire used to diagnose attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity [80] |
| Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS, adults) |
Self-report questionnaire used in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on behavior and feelings experienced during childhood [81] |
| Neurocognition | |
| Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) |
Self-report questionnaire measuring cognition in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and related disorders [82] |
| Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) |
Test battery assessing aspects of cognition found to be the most impaired in patients with schizophrenia [83] |
| A developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY) |
Self-report questionnaire that is tailored assessment of child and adolescent skills in 6 major neuropsychological areas [84] |
| Somatic Assessment | |
| Recommendations: SGPP Behandlungsempfehlungen Schizophrenie | Recommendations for the treatment of schizophrenia [85] |
| The exams listed are for the exclusion of organic psychosis | For patients with psychosis, our recommendations are as follows; For patients at-risk of psychosis, the exams depend on the specific situation and specific clinical concerns. |
| Complete somatic assessment | |
| Complete blood cell (CBC) count | |
| Electrolyte (incl. Calcium) levels | |
| CRP | |
| Liver and renal function test | |
| TSH | |
| Drug Screening | |
| Vitamin B-12 | |