Table 4.

Comparison of circulating cytokines, cytokine profiles, and cytokine ratios between individual groups (i.e., ASD, ADHD, and control groups) with respect to sex.

Parameter	p-Value/ Cohen’s d a vs. d	p-Value/ Cohen’s d a vs. g	p-Value/ Cohen’s d d vs. g	p-Value/ Cohen’s d b vs. e	p-Value/ Cohen’s d b vs. h	p-Value/ Cohen’s d e vs. h	p-Value/ Cohen’s d c vs. f	p-Value/ Cohen’s d c vs. i	p-Value/ Cohen’s d f vs. i	p-Value/ Cohen’s d b vs. c	p-Value/ Cohen’s d e vs. f	p-Value/ Cohen’s d h vs. i
Cytokines
IL-1α (pg/mL)	0.025/0.862	0.121/−0.089	0.010/−0.951	0.221/4.734	0.999/0.636	0.372/−4.098	0.477/0.446	0.145/−0.393	0.051/−0.839	0.999/−0.098	0.109/4.190	0.987/0.931
IL-1β (pg/mL)	0.005/0.776	<0.001/1.278	0.571/0.502	0.572/1.076	0.095/1.014	0.976/−0.062	0.080/0.683	0.034/1.338	0.890/0.654	0.803/−0.169	0.999/0.224	0.999/−0.492
IL-2 (pg/mL)	0.043/1.118	0.086/−0.342	<0.001/−1.459	0.522/2.770	0.936/0.256	0.522/−2.515	0.695/0.750	0.056/−0.588	0.002/−1.339	0.755/−0.348	0.901/1.671	0.275/0.495
IL-4 (pg/mL)	0.021/0.921	0.752/−0.382	<0.001/−1.303	0.883/1.297	0.999/−0.484	0.159/−1.781	0.579/0.805	0.999/−0.334	0.052/−1.390	0.999/0.075	0.999/0.567	0.999/−0.075
IL-6 (pg/mL)	<0.001/1.242	<0.001/1.638	0.152/0.396	0.241/2.351	0.221/2.092	0.999/−0.259	0.021/0.942	<0.001/1.668	0.257/0.726	0.987/0.120	0.676/1.528	0.999/0.544
IL-8 (pg/mL)	0.010/0.951	0.562/−0.205	0.002/−1.157	0.140/2.157	0.995/0.226	0.684/−1.932	0.516/0.618	0.921/−0.363	0.048/−0.980	0.993/−0.353	0.180/1.187	0.999/0.236
IL-10 (pg/mL)	<0.001/1.421	0.999/0.242	0.007/−1.179	0.352/2.169	0.989/−0.088	0.241/−2.257	0.028/1.201	0.999/0.371	0.314/−0.830	0.995/0.089	0.755/1.058	0.994/−0.369
IFN-γ (pg/mL)	0.935/−0.094	0.230/0.645	0.149/0.739	0.925/0.578	0.999/0.299	0.997/−0.279	0.939/−0.318	0.642/0.762	0.106/1.080	0.995/−0.193	0.452/0.703	0.990/−0.656
TNF-α (pg/mL)	0.629/0.401	<0.001/1.717	<0.001/1.316	0.302/1.515	0.001/2.687	0.999/1.172	0.108/0.039	0.004/1.435	0.005/1.395	0.999/−0.750	0.999/0.726	0.999/0.503
Cytokine profiles
Th1 profile	0.513/0.475	0.934/0.332	0.999/−0.142	0.523/1.587	0.999/1.138	0.999/−0.448	0.999/0.180	0.999/0.046	0.999/−0.134	0.999/−0.419	0.999/0.987	0.999/0.673
M1 profile	0.011/1.210	<0.001/2.300	0.011/1.090	0.221/1.703	0.221/2.865	0.885/1.162	0.226/1.044	<0.001/2.097	0.082/1.054	0.917/−0.381	0.999/0.278	0.975/0.386
proinflammatory profile	0.098/0.795	0.004/1.193	0.896/0.399	0.226/2.123	0.116/2.045	0.999/−0.078	0.999/0.458	0.341/0.931	0.999/0.474	0.999/−0.811	0.999/0.854	0.999/0.302
anti-inflammatory profile	0.002/1.471	0.763/−0.056	<0.001/−1.527	0.684/1.645	0.621/−0.473	0.140/−2.118	0.032/1.422	0.999/0.091	0.053/−1.331	0.987/0.368	0.947/0.591	0.999/−0.197
Cytokine ratios
Th1/Th2 ratio	0.999/−0.173	0.249/0.575	0.123/0.748	0.999/0.828	0.121/1.752	0.999/0.924	0.999/−0.445	0.999/0.169	0.999/0.614	0.999/−0.807	0.999/0.467	0.999/0.777
Th1/Treg ratio	0.999/−0.276	0.999/0.299	0.334/0.575	0.999/0.759	0.436/1.425	0.999/0.666	0.999/−0.582	0.999/−0.121	0.999/0.462	0.999/−0.607	0.999/0.734	0.999/0.939
Th1/Th2+Treg ratio	0.053/−0.857	0.288/0.560	<0.001/1.417	0.999/0.478	0.065/1.900	0.999/1.421	0.038/−1.239	0.999/0.093	0.032/1.332	0.999/−0.945	0.999/0.772	0.999/0.862
Proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory ratio	0.569/0.480	<0.001/1.383	0.071/0.903	0.107/2.372	0.012/2.646	0.999/0.273	0.999/0.020	0.178/1.022	0.285/1.043	0.534/−1.133	0.999/1.220	0.999/0.451

ASD—autism spectrum disorder; ADHD—attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; IL — interleukin; IFN-γ—interferon-gamma; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Th—T helper lymphocytes; M1—macrophages M1; Treg—T regulatory lymphocytes. A value of p ≤ 0.05 (in bold) was considered statistically significant. a indicates the control group; b indicates the control females; c indicates the control males; d indicates the whole ASD group; e indicates the ASD females; f indicates the ASD males; g indicates the whole ADHD group; h indicates the ADHD females; i indicates the ADHD males.