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. 2023 Jul 21;24(14):11759. doi: 10.3390/ijms241411759

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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ATP and adenosine signalling in the tumour microenvironment (TME). ATP, released by damaged or dying cells, is a danger signal to immune cells and mainly promotes an anti-tumour immune response by signalling through P2X and P2Y receptors, which are differentially expressed across cell types. ATP is degraded to adenosine by the concerted action of CD39 and CD73. Adenosine promotes tumour growth by suppressing immune cells by way of A2A and A2B receptor signalling, or by directly enhancing tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis. ADO: Adenosine. ↑: increased. ↓: decreased. Solid arrow: gets degraded/dephosphorylated. Dashed arrow: binds receptor and signals. Created with BioRender.com.