Table 3.

Microbiology of bile and blood cultures in patients with biliary infections. Modified from Tokyo Guidelines 2018 [44].

Microorganisms	Proportion of Isolates
	Bile (%)	Blood Culture (%)
		Community-Acquired	Nosocomial
Gram-negative
E scherichia coli	31–44	35–62	23
Klebsiella spp.	9–20	12–28	16
Pseudomonas spp.	0.5–19	4–14	17
Enterobacter spp.	5–9	2–7	7
Acinetobacter spp.	-	3	7
Citrobacter spp.	-	2–6	5
Gram-positive
Enterococcus spp.	3–34	10–23	20
Streptococcus spp.	2–10	6–9	5
Staphylococcus spp.	0	2	4
Anaerobes	4–20	1	2
Others	-	17	11