Table 1.

Prognostic value of polyploid/senescent cancer cells.

Author	Date	Cancer Type	No of Patients	Outcome
Wang et al. [22]	2012	Non-small-cell lung cancer	18	Patients expressing markers of senescence following neoadjuvant therapy had a significantly worse prognosis than patients who did not express these markers.
Qu et al. [37]	2013	Glioma	76	The number of PGCCs increased with the grade of tumors.
Lv et al. [42]	2014	Serous ovarian cancer	80	The presence of PGCCs in the primary tumor correlated with metastasis.
Fei et al. [40]	2015	Primary breast tumors, lymph node metastases, and benign tissue	167	The number of PGCCs was the highest in patients with lymph node metastases.
Gerashchenko et al. [41]	2016	Breast cancer	30	Tumors with a higher proportion of PGCCs showed a poorer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Zhang et al. [43]	2017	Colon cancer	169	The presence of PGCCs with budding increased as tumors became more dedifferentiated.
Liu et al. [38]	2018	Anorectal melanoma	47	The proportion of PGCCs increased with tumor size.
Alharbi et al. [46]	2018	Prostate cancer	30	Pleomorphic giant cells were present in all 30 patients with a rare variant of prostate cancer.
Mannan et al. [45]	2020	Prostate cancer	5	Multiple cells with highly irregular polylobulated nuclei or multiple pleomorphic nuclei were present in autopsy samples of patients who had failed multiple lines of therapy.
Liu et al. [39]	2021	Laryngeal cancer	102	High numbers of PGCCs correlated with poor prognosis.
Trabzonlu et al. [36]	2023	Prostate cancer	209	PGCCs were significant prognostic factors for metastasis in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with curative intent to treat their presumed localized cancer.