mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin;
RAPTOR	regulatory-associated protein of mTOR;
RICTOR	rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR;
DEPTOR	DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein;
mLST8	mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8;
PRAS40	proline-rich AKT substrate of 40 kDa;
mSIN1	mammalian stress-activated protein kinase-interaction protein 1;
PROTOR	protein observed with RICTOR;
TSC1/2	tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2;
RHEB	Ras homolog mTORC1 binding;
RAGs	Ras-related GTPases;
IRS	insulin receptor substrate;
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase;
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate;
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog;
PDK1	phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1;
GRB10	growth factor receptor bound protein 10;
AKT;	protein kinase B;
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase;
RSK	ribosomal S6 kinase 1;
TNF	tumor necrosis factor;
IKKβ	inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta;
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase;
WNT	wingless and lnt-1;
GSKβ	glycogen synthase kinase 3β;
REDD1	regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1;
p38 MAPK	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases;
MK2	MAPK activated protein kinase 2;
ROS	reactive oxygen species;
NO	nitric oxide;
ANP	atrial natriuretic peptide;
BNP	B-type natriuretic peptide;
GPCR	G protein-coupled receptor;
GC	guanylyl cyclase;
sGC	soluble guanylyl cyclase;
cAMP	cyclic adenosine monophosphate;
cGMP	cyclic guanosine monophosphate;
PKA	cAMP-dependent protein kinase;
PKG	cGMP-dependent protein kinase;
SIK3	salt-inducible kinase 3;
FKBP12	FK506-binding protein of 12 kDa;
PIP2	phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PKA	protein kinase A;
PKG	protein kinase G;
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors;
EPAC	exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC);
LKB1	liver kinase B1;
PDE	phosphodiesterase;
NPs	natriuretic peptides;
TBG	thyroxine binding globulin;
TAC	transverse aortic constriction;
MHC	α-myosin heavy chain;
MI	myocardial infarction;
IBMX	3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine;
MEFs	Mouse embryonic fibroblast;
PTH/PTHrP	parathyroid hor-mone/PTH-related peptide;
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1;
GLP-1RA	GLP-1 receptor agonist;
KATP channels	ATP-sensitive K+ channels;
TSH	thyroid-stimulating hormone;
hCG	human chorionic gonadotropin;
β-AR	β-adrenergic receptor;
NRVMs	neonatal rat ventricular myocytes;
ER	endoplasmic reticulum;
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors.
DNL	de novo lipogenesis;
NAFLD	nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;
NAFL	nonalcoholic fatty liver;
NASH	nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis;
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma;
UCP1	uncoupling protein 1;
WAT	white adipose tissue.