Table 3.
Summary of membrane bound proteins—ionotropic glutamate results.
| References | Model | Cell line/tissue | Species (receptor) | Receptor subtype | Xenon dose | Outcome reported | Direction of effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMDA | |||||||
| David et al. (2003) | Cultured cells | Neuronal/glial co-culture | Mouse | 75% | Intracellular calcium | ↑ ↓ * | |
| Weigt et al. (2003) | Cultured cells | Cerebral cortex | Mouse | Various | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| David et al. (2003) | Cultured cells | Neuronal/glial co-culture | Mouse | 50% | Intracellular calcium | ↓ | |
| Ogata et al. (2006) | Cultured cells | Xenopus oocytes | Human | NR1-NR2A | 46% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Solt et al. (2006) | Cultured cells | Xenopus oocytes | Human | NR1-NR2B | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Dickinson et al. (2007) | Cultured cells | HEK293 | Rat | NR1-NR2A/NR2B | 80% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Weigt et al. (2008) | Cultured cells | Neuro2A | Rat/mouse | NR1-NR2A/B/C/D | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Weigt et al. (2009a) | Cultured cells | Neuro2A | Unknown | NR1-NR2A | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Weigt et al. (2009b) | Cultured cells | Cerebral cortex | Mouse | Various | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Yamakura and Harris (2000) | Cultured cells | Xenopus oocytes | Human | NR1-NR2A | 46% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Armstrong et al. (2012) | Cultured cells | HEK293 | Rat | NR1-2A | 80% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Haseneder et al. (2008) | Tissue slice | Amygdala | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2008) | Tissue slice | Amygdala | Mouse | 30% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009a) | Tissue slice | Amygdala | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 30% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Georgiev et al. (2010) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kratzer et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Hippocampus | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Yamamoto et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Ventral spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Ionic current | ↔ | |
| Baufreton et al. (2018) | Tissue slice | Cortico-striatal | Mouse | 50% | NMDA/AMPA ratio | ↓ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kubota et al. (2020) | Single bouton | SDCN | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| AMPA | |||||||
| Plested et al. (2004) | Cultured cells | Xenopus oocyte | Rat | Homomeric | 80% | Ionic current | ↑ ↔ * |
| Plested et al. (2004) | Cultured cells | Xenopus oocyte | Rat | Heteromeric | 80% | Ionic current | ↔ |
| Dinse et al. (2005) | Cultured cells | Cortical neurones | Mouse | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Weigt et al. (2009a) | Cultured cells | Neuro2A | Unknown | Homomeric | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Haseneder et al. (2008) | Tissue slice | Basolateral amygdala | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 30% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Georgiev et al. (2010) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kratzer et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Hippocampal brain slice | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Yamamoto et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Ventral spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Yamamoto et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Ventral spinal cord | Rat | 75% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neurone | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kubota et al. (2020) | Single bouton | SDCN | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kainate | |||||||
| Dinse et al. (2005) | Cultured cells | Cortical neurones | Mouse | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Dinse et al. (2005) | Cultured cells | SH-SY5Y | Rat | GluR6 | 84% | Ionic current | ↓ |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Kubota et al. (2020) | Single bouton | SDCN | Rat | 70% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Glutamate (receptor non-specified) | |||||||
| de Sousa et al. (2000) | Cultured cells | Hippocampal neurones | Rat | 80% | Charge transfer | ↓ | |
| de Sousa et al. (2000) | Cultured cells | Hippocampal neurones | Rat | 80% | Slow component | ↓ | |
| de Sousa et al. (2000) | Cultured cells | Hippocampal neurones | Rat | 80% | Fast component | ↔ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2008) | Tissue slice | Amygdala | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Mouse | 65% | Ionic current | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 65% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Prefrontal cortex | Mouse | 65% | Presynpatic transmission | ↔ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Mouse | 65% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Haseneder et al. (2009b) | Tissue slice | Dorsal spinal cord | Mouse | 65% | Presynpatic transmission | ↔ | |
| Yamamoto et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Ventral spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Yamamoto et al. (2012) | Tissue slice | Ventral spinal cord | Rat | 50% | Presynpatic transmission | ↔ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 70% | Presynpatic transmission | ↓ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 70% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 30% | Presynpatic transmission | ↓ | |
| Nonaka et al. (2019) | Single bouton | Hippocampal CA3 neuron | Rat | 30% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Kubota et al. (2020) | Single bouton | SDCN | Rat | 70% | Presynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
| Kubota et al. (2020) | Single bouton | SDCN | Rat | 70% | Postsynaptic transmission | ↓ | |
Direction of effect: ↑–Increased, ↓–Reduced, ↔–No change.
Color of arrow represents statistics presented by authors: Green—p-value in comparison to control given, Amber—no p-value but standard error of mean presented for xenon and control groups, Red—p-value/SEM not given for xenon and control groups.
Presynaptic transmission include measures of miniature, spontaneous and evoked potentials that indicate presynaptic mechanisms. Postsynaptic transmission include miniature, spontaneous and evoked potentials that indicate postsynaptic mechanisms. Details given within text.
SDCN, Sacral dorsal commissural nucleus.
*
Dependent on experimental conditions, see text for details.