| Aβ | amyloid-β |
| AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
| ATP | amyloid precursor protein |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| GM | gut microbiota |
| HFS | high-frequency stimulation |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| LTP | long-term potentiation |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase |
| PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase |
| PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| SCFA | short-chain fatty acid |
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