Table 1.

The relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Author, Year	Study Design	Sample Size	Association
Cobos et al., 2022 [30]	Prospective cohort	102 subjects	No significant association between periodontal diseases and the incidence of preterm labor or low birth weight.
Giguère et al., 2016 [31]	Prospective cohort	273 subjects	A significant association between periodontal diseases was reported with preeclampsia only but not with spontaneous preterm birth.
Ardakani et al., 2013 [32]	Case–control	88 subjects	Mothers who delivered low-birth-weight infants had worse gingival health and deeper periodontal pockets.
Mannem et al., 2011 [33]	Case–control	104 subjects	Duration of pregnancy is affected by periodontal health status.
Khader et al., 2009 [34]	Case–control	148 subjects	The severity of periodontal diseases in mothers increased the odds of preterm low-weight births.
Mumghamba et al., 2007 [35]	Retrospective case–control	373 subjects	Periodontal diseases, among other factors, are not considered significant factors for preterm and low-weight births.
Skuldbøl et al., 2006 [15]	Case–control	21 women experienced preterm labor; 33 women experienced term labor	No association was found between periodontal disease and preterm labor.
Moreu et al., 2005 [18]	Observational	96 subjects	Periodontal disease is a significant risk factor for low birth weight but not for preterm delivery.
Moliterno et al., 2005 [36]	Case–control	151 subjects	Periodontal disease is a risk indicator for low birth weight.
Cruz et al., 2005 [37]	Case–control	302 subjects	A positive association between periodontal diseases and low birth weight.
Moore et al., 2004 [38]	Prospective	3738 subjects	No association was found between periodontal disease and preterm labor or low birth weight
Davenport et al., 2002 [29]	Case–control	236 cases 507 controls	No association was found between periodontal disease and preterm labor or low birth weight.
Offenbacher et al., 2001 [20]	Prospective	812 subjects	Prevalence of birth at <28 weeks was 1.1% in periodontally healthy mothers, 3.5% in mothers with mild periodontal disease, and 11.1% in mothers with moderate-to-severe periodontitis.
Offenbacher et al., 1996 [19]	Case–control	124 subjects	Periodontal disease is a significant risk factor for preterm labor (PTL), preterm rupture of membranes (PROM), and consequently, preterm low-birth-weight infants (PLBW).