Table 1.

Composition of lignocellulosic biomass from various substrates [13,14,15,16,17,18].

Lignocellulosic Materials	Cellulose (%)	Hemicellulose (%)	Lignin (%)
Natural biomass sources
Hardwood	40–55	24–40	18–25
Oak	43.2	21.9	35.4
Pine	45.6	24	26.8
Natural hay	44.9	31.4	12
Leaves	15–20	80–85	0
Reed	34–36	26–27	21
Switchgrass	31–45	20–31	12–18
Agricultural biomass by-products or residues
Barley straw	31–45	27–38	14–19
Wheat straw	33–38	26–32	17–19
Rye straw	33–35	27–30	16–19
Oat straw	31–37	27–38	16–19
Silage	39.27	25.96	9.02
Hemp	53.86	10.6	8.76
Rapeseed	20–35	15–22	15–23
Industrial residues and waste
Willow sawdust	35.6	21.5	28.7
Paper	85–99	0	0–15
Newspaper	40–55	25–40	18–30
Waste papers from chemical pulps	60–70	10–20	5–10
Primary wastewater solids	8–15	NA	24–29
Sugarcane bagasse	44	28	21