Table 2.
Changes in the KOOS, NPRS, active knee flexion, and TUG scores following twelve sessions of intervention for both groups.
| Outcomes | LL + EX (n = 17) |
HL + EX (n = 17) |
Between-Groups Analysis of Covariance |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size | ||
| KOOS (Total score) |
Pre | 46.06 (9.47) | 44.28 (12.41) | p = 0.001 * | 0.53 |
| Post | 50.90 (13.92) | 58.12 (13.25) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | 4.84; 1.74 to 7.94; p = 0.004 * | 13.84; 9.83 to 17.85; p < 0.001 * | |||
| Symptoms | Pre | 10.87 (3.83) | 11.75 (2.65) | p = 0.002 * | 0.14 |
| Post | 9.73 (3.83) | 8.32 (1.60) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | −1.12; −1.94 to −0.32; p = 0.009 * | −3.43; −4.61 to −2.25; p < 0.001 * | |||
| Pain | Pre | 18.32 (5.70) | 20.14 (6.38) | p < 0.001 * | 1.04 |
| Post | 15.86 (5.50) | 11.09 (3.39) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | −2.46; −3.97 to −0.94; p = 0.003 * | −9.05; −11.68 to −6.40; p < 0.001 * | |||
| ADL | Pre | 36.73 (9.28) | 32.51 (11.48) | p = 0.014 * | 0.26 |
| Post | 39.34 (8.33) | 41.90 (11.44) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | 2.60; 0.41 to 4.80; p = 0.023 * | 9.40; 5.03 to 13.78; p < 0.001 * | |||
| Sports | Pre | 3.92 (1.97) | 3.86 (3.31) | p < 0.001 * | 0.64 |
| Post | 4.40 (2.16) | 6.55 (4.24) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | 0.48; 0.14 to 0.82; p = 0.007 * | 2.69; 1.65 to 3.74; p < 0.001 * | |||
| QOL | Pre | 4.67 (2.59) | 4.01 (2.43) | p = 0.002 * | 0.66 |
| Post | 5.32 (2.88) | 7.24 (2.90) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | 0.65; 0.29 to 1.01; p = 0.002 * | 3.24; 2.39 to 4.09; p < 0.001 * | |||
| NPRS | Pre | 6.19 (1.45) | 6.48 (1.21) | p < 0.001 * | 1.05 |
| Post | 4.24 (1.16) | 3.21 (0.75) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | −1.95; −2.3 to −1.53; p < 0.001 * | −3.28; −3.78 to −2.76; p < 0.001 * | |||
| Active knee flexion | Pre | 112.11 (11.87) | 110.65 (9.73) | p < 0.001 * | 0.61 |
| Post | 115.23 (10.69) | 120.17 (4.26) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | 3.12; 1.56 to 4.68; p = 0.001 * | 9.53; 5.57 to 13.49; p < 0.001 * | |||
| TUG | Pre | 9.65 (1.51) | 9.46 (0.75) | p = 0.001 * | 0.47 |
| Post | 9.13 (1.54) | 8.58 (0.61) | |||
| MD; 95% CI; p | −0.53; −0.64 to −0.41; p < 0.001 * | −0.88; −1.04 to −0.72; p < 0.001 * | |||
Abbreviations: ADL; activities of daily living; HL + EX, high-intensity laser therapy and exercises; KOOS, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score; LL + EX, low-level laser therapy and exercises; MD, mean difference; NPRS, numerical pain rating scale; QOL, quality of life; TUG, timed up-and-go test. Note: Values are presented as means and standard deviations. Statistically significant, * p < 0.05.