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Effect of IPA on TRAP activity in RANKL-induced RAW 264.7 cells. TRAP activity was examined using TRAP staining (scale bar: 100 μm). All results were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3) of triplicate experiments; #### p < 0.0001 compared with the control group (without RANKL and IPA treatment). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and compared with the RANKL-stimulated group. Statistical analysis was calculated using one-way ANOVA.
