Table 2.
Various methods reported for PPCPs degradation/removal potential-a comparison.
| Methods used | PPCPs | Source | Analysis methods | Mode of removal | Degradation/removal efficiency | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adsorption Processes | TCS, CPM, NPX, and BPA | Effluent | UPLC/UV | CNTs + Sonication, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Graphene oxide, and so on. | 245.47, 318, 156, and 97 mg g-1 | [69,70] |
| Biological processes | PAR, CAF, TCS, DEET, and IBP | Effluent | HPLC/DAD/LC/MS-MS/UV | Hybrid CW | 98, 98, 100, 43, 15–85% | [71,72] |
| Advanced oxidation processes | β-lactams antibiotics, DCF, OFX, ACE, MP, and CAF | Effluent | HPLC/UV, HPLC-DAD | PAA/Persulfate activated by Cu cathode + Vis irradiation/O3 + TiO2/montmorillonite nanocomposite | 60-90, 86, 99, 89, 95, 99, and 97% | [73,74] |