Table 2.
Population characteristics of the participating infants (n = 140).
| Vaginal delivery n = 56 | Vaginal delivery with antibiotics n = 24 | C-section with antibiotics n = 60 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age (years), mean (SD) | 29.7 (5.4) | 28.5 (5.2) | 31.6 (6.5) |
| Number of siblings, mean (SD) | 1.5 (2.6) | 1.0 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.4) |
| Maternal asthma, N (%) | 5 (8.9) | 1 (4.2) | 11 (18.3) |
| Maternal allergy, N (%) | 14 (25.0) | 5 (20.8) | 20 (33.3) |
| GDM | 5 (8.9) | 6 (25.0) | 16 (26.7) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 3 (5.4) | 2 (8.3) | 12 (20.0) |
| Str. agalactiae positivea | 1 (1.8) | 21 (87.5) | 9 (15.0) |
| Antibiotics during pregnancyb | 8 (14.3) | 12 (50) | 16 (26.7) |
| Newborn characteristics | |||
| Female (%) | 24 (42.9) | 10 (41.7) | 29 (48.3) |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.9 (1.1) | 39.9 (1.3) | 38.9 (1.3) |
| Birth weight (g), mean (SD) | 3480 (360) | 3540 (550) | 3490 (610) |
| Apgar 1 min, mean (SD) | 8.8 (1.0) | 8.3 (1.6) | 8.7 (1.0) |
| Apgar 5 min, mean (SD) | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.9) | 9.1 (0.6) |
| Apgar 15 min, mean (SD) | 9.5 (0.6) | 9.2 (0.9) | 9.4 (0.5) |
| Perinatal antibiotics, N (%)c | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 1 (1.7) |
GDM gestational diabetes mellitus.
aMaternal S. agalactiae screening was not performed for 24 mothers in the C-section group.
bOne mother in the vaginal delivery group had received cephalexin, 1 amoxicillin, 1 nitrofurantoin, 1 pivmecillinam, and 1 topical metronidatzole. For 4 mothers, the antibiotic used was not recorded. Two mothers in the vaginal delivery with antibiotics group had received pivmecillinam and 1 had received amoxicillin, but the antibiotic used was not recorded for 9 mothers. Two mothers in the C-section group had received cephalexin, 2 amoxicillin, 2 topical metronidatzole, 1 nitrofurantoin, and 1 clindamycin. For 8 mothers, the antibiotic had not been recorded.
cBoth children received a combination of benzyl penicillin and tobramycin.