Table 3.
Summary of the reviewed A phase subtypes classification methodologies, presenting only the results from the best-performing model of each article. The table first shows the threshold-based classifications, followed by conventional machine learning and deep learning classifiers. The results are then further sorted by performance. Abbreviations: A1 phase (A1), A2 phase (A2), A3 phase (A3), derivation (D), female (F), healthy (H), male (M), subjects (S), thresholds (T), with ages between (WAB), years old (YO)
| Article | Population | Classification | Performance metrics (%) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | Characteristics | Acc | Sen | Spe | AUC | Other | |||||||||||
| [40] | 30~ | NFLE S (16 M and 14 F) | A1 – not A1 with T | - | 80.3 | 82.9 | - | - | |||||||||
| A2 – not A2 with T | - | 80.0 | 73.2 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| A3 phase – not A3 phase with T | - | 67.6 | 74.4 | - | - | ||||||||||||
| [34] | 10* | H S (all M) using F4-C4 D | A1 – A2 or A3 with T | - | 81.0 | 81.0 | - | Correctness: 79.0 | |||||||||
| [51] | 30 ~ WAB 14 and 67 YO (mean 31.0) | NFLE S (16 M and 14 F) using C4-A1 D | A1 – A2 – A3 – not A phase with SVM | 71.0 | A1: 58.0, A2: 44.0, A3: 24.0 | 76.0 | - | Weighted accuracy: 51.0 | |||||||||
| [50] | 30 ~ WAB 14 and 67 YO (mean 31.0) | NFLE S (16 M and 14 F) using C4-A1 D | A1 – A2 – A3 – not A phase with SVM | 71.0 | A1: 58.0, A2: 44.0, A3: 24.0, not A phase: 76.0 | - | - | - | |||||||||
| [49] | 5 WAB 25 and 45 YO (mean 32.7) | H S (2 M and 3 F) using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 – A2 – A3 with k-NN | 82.2 | 87.1 | 74.2 | - | - | |||||||||
| [60] | 9 ~ WAB 23 and 42 YO (mean 32.2) | H S (5 M and 4 F) using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 – A2 – A3 with CNN | 70.5 | - | - | - | - | |||||||||
| [57] | 16~ | H S using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 phase – A2 phase – A3 phase – not A phase with LSTM | 81.9 | A1: 63.1, A2: 42.3, A3: 70.6, not A phase: 85.5 | - | - | A1 F1 score: 46.6, A2 F1 score: 33.0, A3 F1 score: 60.3, not A phase F1 score: 90.2 | |||||||||
| [64] | 15 ~ WAB 23 and 42 YO (mean 32.2) | H S (6 M and 9 F) using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 – not A1 with LSTM | 81.9 | 87.8 | 81.6 | 92.1 | - | |||||||||
| A2 – not A2 with LSTM | 79.9 | 81.1 | 79.6 | 88.4 | - | ||||||||||||
| A3 – not A3 with LSTM | 84.6 | 70.4 | 85.1 | 85.5 | - | ||||||||||||
| [62] | 15 ~ WAB 23 and 42 YO (mean 32.4) | H S (6 M and 9 F) using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 – not A1 with CNN ensemble | 83.4 | 89.6 | 83.0 | - | Average: 85.3 | |||||||||
| A2 – not A2 with CNN ensemble | 82.3 | 78.2 | 82.3 | - | Average: 80.9 | ||||||||||||
| A3 – not A3 with CNN ensemble | 86.1 | 78.6 | 86.3 | - | Average: 83.7 | ||||||||||||
| [61] | 16~ | H S using C3-A2 or the C4-A1 D | A1 – A2– A3– not A phase with CNN | 88.1 | A1: 54.7, A2: 29.7, A3: 60.6, not A phase: 92.4 | - | - | A1 F1 score: 46.0, A2 F1 score: 29.1, A3 F1 score: 47.0, not A phase F1 score: 93.9 | |||||||||