Fig. 4.

Schematic representation of the main strategies for salt stress alleviation in legumes. These approaches include chemical priming of seeds and plants using natural and/or synthetic substances, the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, PGPR alone or in association with AMF or gene manipulation (Knock-out, knock-down and overexpression strategies). At the end, these alleviation approaches increase plant survival and productivity under salt stress conditions by: (i) improving nutrient uptake, (ii) stimulating the antioxidant defense machinery, (iii) enhancing the production of compatible solutes and (iv) activating plant defense mechanisms