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. 2023 Jul 28;9:78. doi: 10.1038/s41421-023-00581-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Phylogenetic tree of the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2-related CoVs. The maximum-likelihood tree was produced using MEGAX software, based on the alignment of amino acid sequences of S proteins. b Schematic diagram of S proteins of the indicated CoVs and the amino acid sequence identities of each region are shown. RBD receptor binding domain, TM transmembrane domain. c Western blotting analysis of the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-20-52, and BANAL-20-236 in cells lysates and pseudovirions using rabbit polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 S2 antibody 40590-T62. β-actin and gag-p24 served as loading controls. d Entry of SARS-CoV-2 S, BANAL-20-52 S and BANAL-20-236 S pseudovirions on indicated cell lines. 293/hACE2 cells, 293 cells stably expressing human ACE2. e, f Inhibition of entry of SARS-CoV-2 S, BANAL-20-52 S, and BANAL-20-236 S pseudovirions into 293/hACE2 (e) and CaLu3 (f) cells by a broad-spectrum cathepsin inhibitor, E64D, or a serine protease inhibitor, camostat. g, h Transduction of 293/hACE2 (g) and CaLu3 (h) cells by SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-20-52, and BANAL-20-52 S proteins with or without a furin cleavage site pseudotyped lentiviral particles. i, j Transduction of 293/hACE2 (i) and CaLu3 (j) cells by chimeric BANAL-20-52 and BANAL-20-236 S pseudovirions. Data are represented as means ± SD from at least triplicates. P-values in e–j are calculated by unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns, P > 0.05.