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. 2023 Jul 28;14:4562. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40367-x

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a The calculated electron transfer number as a function of applied potentials via photoelectrochemical rotating ring-disk electrode measurement. b The amount of hydrogen peroxide with o-tolidine indicator detected by UV-vis absorption spectra. c EPR spectra of DMPO−∙OH adducts in photocatalysis. d Schematic representation of spin-polarized surface reaction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.