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. 2023 Jul 28;13:12241. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39491-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oral administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid alters the gut bacterial composition. (A) The study design of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) administration. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Mice were sacrificed to collect tissues at week 4. (B) Changes in the Shannon diversity index over time in female animals treated with 5-ASA. (C) PCoA plots based on unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances of the intestinal bacterial compositions in female animals. (D) Heatmap of relative abundances of bacterial phyla over time in female animals. Each row represents a single DNA sample, and each column represents each phylum. (E) Changes in the relative abundances of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes over time in female animals. (F) Changes in the relative abundance of phylum Actinobacteria in female animals. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U-test. The data are described as the mean ± SEM. Male data are shown in Supplemental Figure S1. Heatmap was generated by Pretty Heatmaps (version 1.0.12) (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pheatmap).