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. 2023 Jul 28;13:12241. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39491-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The oral administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid influences mRNA expression in the colonic mucosa. mRNA expressions of cytokines and pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules involved in colonic inflammation in the colonic mucosa were examined in the 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) group and non-treated (NT) group by real-time qPCR. mRNA expressions are expressed as ΔΔCT relative to the housekeeper gene Gapdh. Female data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U-test. Male data are shown in Supplemental Figure S5.