Table 1.

Definitions of unexpected complications and adverse birth outcome indicators.

Indicator	Definition
Unplanned C-section	Deliveries by C-section with decision made to have the C-section after onset of labor
Stillbirths	Pregnancy losses that occurred after seven or more months of gestation
Neonatal deaths	Death of newborns within 28 days of birth

If both a live birth and a stillbirth occur together, only the live birth is recorded which may lead to some undercounting of stillbirths. For the most recent pregnancy which ended in a stillbirth, the NFHS-5 data collection structure precluded collection of the following variables: (i) multiple pregnancy, (ii) breech presentation, (iii) first antenatal visit after six months of pregnancy, and (iv) institutional delivery.