Figure 3.

Regions with significant associations between regional cortical thickness and environmental stress factors obtained from bifactor modeling. After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and magnetic resonance imaging scanner model, we found that (A) general environmental stress was associated with thinner cortices in bilateral cuneus, bilateral lateral orbitofrontal gyri, bilateral lingual gyri, bilateral parahippocampal gyri, bilateral pericalcarine, left banks of superior temporal sulcus, right lateral occipital gyrus, and right superior temporal gyrus; (B) neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) deprivation was associated with thinner cortices in bilateral rostral middle frontal gyri, bilateral superior frontal gyri, bilateral paracentral gyri, bilateral precentral gyri, left caudal middle frontal gyrus, and right medial orbitofrontal gyrus as well as thicker cortices in right inferior parietal cortex; and (C) urbanicity was associated with thicker cortices in bilateral rostral anterior cingulate gyri, bilateral insulae, bilateral entorhinal cortices, right caudal anterior cingulate gyrus, right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and right medial orbitofrontal cortex as well as thinner cortices in left supramarginal gyrus. All analyses account for multiple testing using the false discovery rate (q < .05). L, left; R, right.