Figure 1.

Schematic of the study and task designs. (A) Diagram showing participant flow through the protocol. Performance on the no-shock, predictable-shock, unpredictable-shock (NPU) and Sternberg tasks was measured before and after 4 sessions of either active or sham continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS). (B) Diagram showing design of the NPU task. Blocks of neutral, predictable, and unpredictable conditions were presented. During the neutral periods, subjects could not receive a shock (red lightning bolt). During the predictable periods, subjects could receive a shock only during the cue (shapes). During the unpredictable periods, subjects could receive a shock at any time. Eyeblink responses to white noise probes (arrows) were measured throughout. (C) Diagram showing design of the Sternberg working memory (WM) task. Subjects viewed a series of letters and either 1) maintained them in the order presented or 2) sorted them in alphabetical order. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.