Table 1.

Sample Sizes and Descriptions of Sleep and Psychopathology Phenotypes

Trait	Sample/Effective N	Description/Ascertainment	Coding	Reference
Circadian Preference		Higher score = more morningness
Chronotype	UKB, 23andMe/449,734	“Do you consider yourself to be: Definitely an evening person, More an evening than morning person, More a morning than an evening person, Definitely a morning person”	Ordinal scale: −2, −1, 1, 2	Jones et al., 2019 (13)
Sleep midpointa	UKB/85,810	Calculated for each sleep period as the midpoint between the start of the first detected sleep episode and the end of the last sleep episode	Clock times: continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Least active 5 hoursa	UKB/85,205	Midpoint of the least active 5 hours of each day; the least active 5 hours was defined as the 5-hour period with the minimum average acceleration	Clock times: continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Most active 10 hoursa	UKB/85,670	Midpoint of the most active 10 hours of each day; the most active 10 hours was defined as the 10-hour period with the maximum average acceleration	Clock times: continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Efficiency		Higher score = better sleep efficiency
Sleep efficiency	UKB/84,810	Sleep duration divided by the time between the start and end of the first and last nocturnal inactivity period, respectively	Continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Number of sleep episodesa	UKB/84,810	Periods of at least 5 min with no change larger than 5° associated with the z-axis of the activity-monitor	Continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Alertness		Higher score = more daytime alertness
Daytime sleepinessa	UKB/452,071	“How likely are you to fall asleep when you don’t mean to?”	Never, sometimes, often, or all of the time	Wang et al., 2019 (21)
Diurnal inactivitya	UKB/84,757	Total daily duration of estimated bouts of inactivity that fell outside of the sleep window; this measure captures very inactive states such as napping and wakeful rest but not inactivity such as sitting and reading or watching television, which are associated with a low but detectable level of movement.	Continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Nappinga	UKB/452,633	“Do you nap during the day?”	Never/rarely, sometimes, usually	Dashti et al., 2021 (22)
Duration		Higher score = longer sleep duration
Self-reported sleep duration	UKB/446,118	“On average how much do you sleep?”	Continuous	Dashti et al., 2019 (18)
Short sleep durationb	346,794	“On average how much do you sleep?”	Case (6 h or less), control	Dashti et al., 2019 (18)
Long sleep durationb	135,283	“On average how much do you sleep?”	Case (9 h or less), control	Dashti et al., 2019 (18)
Sleep duration actigraphyb	UKB/85,449	Summed duration of all sleep episodes	Continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Noninsomnia		Higher score = no insomnia liability
Insomniaa	UKB/259,365	“Do you have trouble falling asleep at night, or do you wake up in the middle of the night?”	Case (usually), control (never/rarely)	Lane et al., 2019 (14)
Regularity		Higher score = more sleep time regularity
Standard deviation sleep duration actigraphya	UKB/84,441	Standard deviation of the summed duration of all actigraphy sleep episodes	Continuous	Jones et al., 2019 (23)
Internalizing		Higher score = internalizing psychopathology liability
Anxiety	UKB/259,365	DSM-based anxiety disorders diagnoses	Case/control	Purves et al., 2019 (25)
MDD	PGC, UKB/424,616	Self-report	Case/control	Howard et al., 2019 (26)
PTSD	Meta-analysis of 11 cohorts/30,273	DSM-IV	Case/control	Nievergelt et al., 2019 (24)
Externalizing		Higher score = externalizing psychopathology liability
Problematic alcohol use	UKB/17,852	AUDIT problematic use	Continuous	Sanchez-Roige et al., 2018 (34)
Cigarettes per day	GSCAN/337,334	1: 1–5, 2: 6–15, 3: 16–25, 4: 26–35, 5: 36+ cigarettes per day	Quasi-continuous	Liu et al., 2019 (33)
Cannabis use disorder	PGC, iPsych, deCode/384,032	DSM-IV, DSM-III-R, ICD-10	Case/control	Johnson et al., 2020 (28)
ADHD	PGC, iPsych/22,842	ICD-10	Case/control	Demontis et al., 2018 (27)
Psychosis Thought Disorders		Higher score = psychosis psychopathology liability
Schizophrenia	PGC/69,279	DSM-IV, ICD-10, SCID	Case/control	Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014 (30)
Bipolar disorder	PGC/50,981	DSM-IV, ICD-9, or ICD-10	Case/control	Mullins et al., 2021 (29)
Compulsive Thought Disorders		Higher score = compulsive psychopathology liability
OCD	IOCDF-GC, OCGAS/3890	DSM-IV	Case/control	International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC) and OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Studies (OCGAS), 2018 (31)
Anorexia nervosa	PGC, ANGI/23,160	DSM III-R, DSM-IV, ICD-8, ICD-9, ICD-10, and self-report	Case/control	Watson et al., 2019 (32)

This table presents summary statistics from previously published genome-wide association studies. Sample size is the effective N, calculated as suggested by the Genomic SEM Wiki (Eff N = 4 × v × [1 − v] × [N_cases + N_controls]; v = sample proportion of cases) for case/control traits and full sample for continuous traits or meta-analyses.

ANGI, Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; GSCAN, GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use; GWAS, genome-wide association study; IOCDF-GC, International OCD Foundation Genetics Collaborative; MDD, major depressive disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; OCGAS, OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Study; PGC, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; UKB, UK Biobank.

^aSummary statistics were reverse coded by multiplying the z-statistic by −1 before being used in analyses.

^bSummary statistics were not used in the final sleep health model. See Figure S3 for full correlation matrix with all sleep health and psychopathology traits.