Table 1.
Precision technologies (wearable sensors, autonomous vehicle, and virtual fencing) that are available to dairy grazing farmers
| Device | Behavior measurement | Attachment location | Manufacturer information | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CowManager | Rumination, eating, activity | Ear tag | CowManager B.V., Harmelen, the Netherlands https://www.cowmanager.com/en-us/ | Bikker et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2018; Sharpe et al., 2021 |
| RumiWatch | Rumination, eating, drinking, grazing bites, rumination chews, standing, lying, walking | Noseband sensor + pedometer | ITIN + HOCH GmbH, Fütterungstechnik, Liestal, Switzerland https://www.rumiwatch.com/ | Werner et al., 2018; Pereira et al., 2020b, 2021; Raynor et al., 2021 |
| SCR Heatime Pro+ | Activity, rumination, panting | Collar or ear-tag | SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel https://www.allflex.global/livestock-monitoring/ | Elischer et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2020a; Minegishi et al., 2019; Pereira and Heins, 2019; Sjostrom et al., 2016 |
| SmaXtec | Activity, rumination, body temperature, pH | Reticulum bolus | Animal Care GmbH, Graz, Austria https://smaxtec.com/en/ | Sharpe et al., 2021 |
| AfiCollar and AfiAct II pedometer | Activity, rumination, grazing | Collar and pedometer | Afimilk Ltd., Israel www.afimilk.com/ | Iqbal et al., 2021 |
| Smartbow | Activity, rumination, grazing, location | Ear tag | Smartbow GmbH, Weibern, Austria https://www.smartbow.com | Pereira et al., 2020b |
| CowBot | Autonomous vehicle | Pasture | Morris, MN https://wcroc.cfans.umn.edu/research/renewable-energy | Maini et al., 2022 |
| Unmanned ground vehicle | Autonomous vehicle; cow herding | Pasture | https://www.sydney.edu.au/science/our-research/research-areas/life-and-environmental-sciences/livestock-welfare-group.html | Clark et al., 2014 |
| Nofence | Virtual fence, activity | Pasture | Nofence, Batnfjordsøra, Norway https://www.nofence.no/en | Aaser et al., 2022; Hamidi et al., 2022 |
| eShepherd | Virtual fence, activity | Pasture | Agersens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia https://am.gallagher.com/en-US/new-products/eShepherd | Colusso et al., 2021 |
| Halter | Virtual fence, activity | Pasture | Halter, Auckland, New Zealand https://halterhq.com/ | |
| Vence | Virtual fence, activity | Pasture | Vence Corp., San Diego, CA http://vence.io | |
| PaddockTrac | Pasture biomass | Pasture | University of Missouri Dairy Extension https://grazingwedge.missouri.edu/ | |
| C-Dax | Pasture biomass | Pasture | C-Dax Agricultural Solutions, Palmerston, New Zealand https://www.c-dax.com/measure-pasture-meter | Rennie et al., 2009 |
| Pasture Reader | Pasture biomass | Pasture | Naroaka Enterprises, Narracan, Victoria, Australia http://pasturereader.com.au/ | |
| Pasture.io | Pasture biomass | Pasture and satellite imagery | Pasture.io, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia https://pasture.io/ | |
| SPACE | Pasture biomass | Pasture and satellite imagery | LIC, Hamilton, New Zealand https://www.lic.co.nz/products-and-services/space/ |