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. 2023 Jun 27;13(7):796. doi: 10.3390/metabo13070796

Figure 2.

Figure 2

High levels of ROS promote cancer cell growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. ROS generation can induce oxidative stress, energy metabolism, cancer-promoting signal pathways, and other pathways to promote the occurrence and development of cancer. Abbreviations: AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; CAT, catalase; DSBs, DNA double-strand breaks; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; GR, glutathione reductase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; MMP-7, matrix metalloproteinase-7; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; PI3K, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase; PIP3, phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PFKFB3, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SERPINE1, serine protease inhibitor family E member 1; SSBs, single-strand breaks; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; 8-oxoG, 8-oxoguanine.