Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study ID, Country |
Study Design, Effect Size | Population | No of Participants (Low/High Adherence) | Mean Age ± SD | Exclusion Criteria | DASH Assessment Tool | Hypertension Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bai et al., 2017 [22], China | Longitudinal-cohort, HR | Chinese adults | - | 42 ± 9.3 | Younger than 18 years old, missing average SBP or DBP, identified hypertension, antihypertensive medication, existing diagnosis of diabetes, myocardial infarction, or apoplexy | DASH diet score Fung et al. (2008) [32] | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
| Camões et al., 2010 [23], Portugal | Longitudinal cohort study, HR | Portuguese adults, resident in Porto and at risk of developing hypertension | 246/256 | - | Age < 39 years old, missing information on BP measurements, hypertensive | Developed DASH diet score | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
| Cherfan et al., 2019 [30], France | Cross-sectional analysis, OR | Adult workers or retired | 3709/29,342 | - | BMI < 18 kg/m2 | Constructed DASH diet score according to Fung et al. (2008) [32] | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
| Folsom et al., 2007 [24], U.S. | Cohort study, HR | Adult women | 5017/4041 | 61.0 | History of physician-diagnosed hypertension, heart attack, angina, heart disease, diabetes, more than 29 blank items on FFQ, EI < 500 kcal or >5000 kcal, missing covariates | Developed DASH diet index score | Self-report of hypertension |
| Francisco et al., 2020 [25], Brazil | Longitudinal cohort study, HR | Adults active or retired civil services of higher research institutions located in Brazil | 4987/645 | 49.9 ± 8.3 | Hypertension, antihypertensive drugs, CVD, changed dietary habits in the last 6 months, self-reported their race/skin color as Asian, Brazilian indigenous, missing information on BP values | Dash diet score calculated by National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
| Jiang et al., 2015 [14], U.S. | Longitudinal cohort study, HR | U.S. adults | 585/331 | 52.5 ± 9.4 | Medication, no SBP or DPB recorded at follow-ups, no valid FFQ, missing information for hypertension medication | Developed DASH diet score using score by Folsom et al. (2007) [24] |
SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
| Kanauchi et al., 2015 [15], Japan | Cross-sectional, OR | Male workers | - | 45.3 ± 6.9 | Diabetes, CKD, implausibly low or high estimated EI, missing information | Developed DASH diet score | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 |
| Lelong et al., 2017 [26], France | Prospective cohort study, HR | Adults internet user volunteer | 19,967/ 19,323 |
41.9 ± 14.0 | Energy under reporters, with < 3 24 h valid recalls, prevalent hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease, pregnant women, missing or invalid data on health status, anthropometric measurements, or physical activity | DASH diet score Fung et al. (2008) [32] | Self-report of hypertension |
| Li et al., 2016 [27], U.S. | Cohort study, HR | Adult women | 706/747 | 36.5 ± 4.3 | History of cardiovascular disease, cancer, multiple gestations or pregnancies lasting <6 months, history of GDM, history of hypertension beforethe diagnosis of GDM or with missing data on post-pregnancy diet | DASH diet score Fung et al. (2008) [32] | Self-report of hypertension |
| Schulze et al., 2003 [28], Germany | Cohort study, HR | Women in the EPIC-Potsdam Study | - | - | Previous diagnosis of hypertension, antihypertensive medication within a 4-week period prior to the baseline examination, missing information on dietary intake, estimated basal metabolic rate, physical activity, lifestyle characteristics, and anthropometric measurements; current pregnancy or breastfeeding, outlying total energy intake, with no follow-up, possible hypertension for whom we did not have completed verification, prevalent or secondary hypertension | DASH diet score based on hypothesis-oriented pattern variable | - |
| Toledo et al., 2010 [29], Spain | Prospective cohort study, HR | University graduates | 6487/158 | 36.3 ± 11.0 | Self-reported prevalent hypertension with extreme total EI, prevalent CVD at baseline | Developed DASH diet score | Self-report of hypertension |
| Yang et al., 2022 [31], China | Cross-sectional, OR | Chinese adults | 12,298/11,862 | - | Incomplete dietary information, incomplete basic information, incomplete physical examination and laboratory test, implausible dietary EI < 500 kcal/d or >5000 kcal/d, and pre-diagnosed coronary heart disease or stroke | Developed DASH diet score | SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or antihypertensive medication use |
BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood Pressure; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; EI: Energy Intake; EPIC: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; ESC/ESH: European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension; FFQ: Food Frequency Questionnaire; GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; HR: Hazard Ratio; OR: Odds Ratio; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; SD: Standard Deviation.