Table 3.
Microscopic presentation of the lesions in the brain lesions in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus in rats at 15 and 90 min, and 180 min following sotalol application. Therapy included BPC 157 (10 μg/kg or 10 ng/kg) or saline (5 mL/kg). They were given as an intragastric administration at 5 min following sotalol for assessment at 15 min (period 0–15 min sotalol-time), 90 min (period 0–90 min sotalol-time) and 180 min (period 0–180 min sotalol-time). As a delayed regimen (period 90–180 min sotalol-time), the therapy was given as an intragastric administration at 90 min sotalol-time for assessment at 180 min sotalol-time. Min/Med/Max, Means ± SD, * p ˂ 0.05, at least, vs. control. # combined score (0–8)–semiquantitative neuropathological scoring system; the sum of affected areas with infarction and karyopyknotic cells.
| Microscopic Presentation of the Brain Lesions in the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hippocampus, and Hypothalamus at 15 min and 30 min, and 180 min following Sotalol Application | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periods Assessed in Relation to the Medication Application |
0–15 min | 0–90 min | 0–180 min | 90–180 min |
| Cerebrum (scored 0–8, Min/Med/Max) # | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 1/1/1 | 1/2/2 | 2/2/2 | 2/2/2 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0/0/0 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/0/0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0/0/0 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/0/0 * |
| Neuronal damage in the karyopyknotic areas, %, Means ± SD (10 HPF, 400×) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 10 ± 10 | 21 ± 10 | 32 ± 10 | 29 ± 10 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 5 ± 5 * | 5 ± 5 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 5 ± 5 * | 5 ± 5 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| Hemorrhage (% of total area), Means ± SD | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 5 ± 2 | 10 ± 4 | 15 ± 4 | 15 ± 3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 5 ± 1 * | 10 ± 2 * | 10 ± 2 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 5 ± 1 * | 10 ± 2 * | 9 ± 2 * |
| Edema (scored 0–3, Min/Med/Max) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| Cerebellum (scored 0–8, Min/Med/Max) * | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0/1/1 | 0/1/1 | 0/1/1 | 0/1/1 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * | 0/0/0 * |
| Neuronal damage in the karyopyknotic areas, %, Means ± SD (10 HPF, 400×) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 9 ± 5 | 11 ± 5 | 34 ± 10 | 32 ± 10 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| Hemorrhage (% of total area), Means ± SD | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| Edema (scored 0–3, Min/Med/Max) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| Hippocampus (scored 0–8, Min/Med/Max) * | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 1/1/1 | 1/1/1 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 | 0/0/0 |
| Neuronal damage in the karyopyknotic areas, %, Means ± SD (10 HPF, 400×) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5 | 36 ± 5 | 33 ± 5 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| Hemorrhage (% of total area), Means ± SD | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| Edema (scored 0–3, Min/Med/Max) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 2/2/2 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| Hypothalamus (scored 0–8, Min/Med/Max) * | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0/0/0 | 0/2/2 | 2/2/2 | 2/3/3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0/0/0 | 0/1/1 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/0/0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0/0/0 | 0/1/1 * | 0/1/1 * | 0/0/0 * |
| Neuronal damage in the karyopyknotic areas, %, Means ± SD (10 HPF, 400×) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 5 | 42 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 | 5 ± 2 * | 10 ± 5 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 | 6 ± 2 * | 11 ± 5 * | 0 ± 0 * |
| Hemorrhage (% of total area), Means ± SD | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| Edema (scored 0–3, Min/Med/Max) | ||||
| Saline 5 mL/kg (control) | 2/2/2 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 | 3/3/3 |
| BPC 157 10 μg/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |
| BPC 157 10 ng/kg | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * | 1/1/1 * |