Table 2.
Frequency (%) of antimicrobial sensitivity of the clinical isolates.
| Antibiotics | ATC Classification 1 | AWaRe Classification 2 | A. baumannii | E. coli | K. pneumoniae | Proteus spp. | P. aeruginosa | S. aureus | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | |||||||||
| Penicillin | J01CE01 | Access | NA * | NA | NA | NA | NA | 153/511 (29.9) | 153/579 (26.39%) |
| Ampicillin | J01CA01 | Access | NA | 54/543 (9.9%) | NA | 5/53 (9.4) | NA | NA | 129/1112 (11.61%) |
| Oxacillin | J01CF04 | Access | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23/53 (43.4) | 23/53 (43.4) |
| Beta-lactam inhibitors | |||||||||
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | J01CR02 | Access | NA | 51/198 (25.8) | 23/81 (28.4) | 14/44 (31.8) | NA | 27/48 (56.3) | 115/371 (31.00%) |
| Ampicillin–Sulbactam | J01CR01 | Access | NA | 31/93 (33.3) | 4/16 (25.0) | 0/1 (0) | NA | 14/38 (36.8) | 49/148 (33.11%) |
| Piperacillin–Tazobactam | J01CR05 | Watch | 10/28 (35.7) | 415/573 (72.4) | 173/231 (74.9) | 54/60 (90.0) | 241/360 (66.9) | 25/47 (53.2) | 918/1299 (70.70%) |
| Cephalosporins | |||||||||
| Cephalexin | J01DB01 | Access | NA | 7/145 (4.8) | 3/37 (8.1) | 0/3 (0.0) | NA | 60/138 (43.5) | 70/323 (21.67%) |
| Cefazolin | J01DB04 | Access | NA | 3/44 (6.8) | 2/19 (10.5) | 1/2 (50.0) | NA | 35/67 (52.2) | 41/132 (31.06%) |
| Cephradine | J01DB09 | Access | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14/42 (33.3) | 14/42 (33.3) |
| Cefoxitin | J01DC01 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 243/336 (72.3) | 279/400 (69.75%) |
| Cefuroxime | J01DC02 | Watch | NA | 74/474 (15.6) | 50/201 (24.9) | 10/53 (18.9) | NA | 69/134 (51.4) | 203/862 (23.56%) |
| Cefaclor | J01DC04 | Watch | NA | 31/222 (14) | 32/91 (35.2) | 1/14 (7.1) | NA | 35/85 (41.2) | 99/412 (24.03%) |
| Cefotaxime | J01DD01 | Watch | 0/1 (0.0) | 38/171 (22.2) | 9/34 (26.5) | 0/1 (0.0) | NA | 23/72 (31.9) | 70/279 (25.09%) |
| Ceftazidime | J01DD02 | Watch | 0/22 (0.0) | 122/336 (36.3) | 67/156 (42.9) | 14/25 (56) | 122/271 (45.0) | 28/86 (32.6) | 353/896 (39.42%) |
| Ceftriaxone | J01DD04 | Watch | 1/38 (2.6) | 95/412 (23.1) | 20/86 (23.3) | 9/34 (26.5) | NA | 111/210 (52.9) | 236/780 (30.26%) |
| Cefixime | J01DD08 | Watch | NA | 94/437 (21.5) | 56/169 (33.1) | 11/38 (28.9) | NA | 30/86 (34.9) | 191/730 (26.16%) |
| Cefoprazone | J01DD12 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 40/64 (62.5) | 40/64 (62.5) |
| Cefoperazone–Sulbactam | J01DD62 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12/29 (41.4) | 31/62 (50.0%) |
| Cefepime | J01DE01 | Watch | 4/34 (11.8) | 56/244 (23.0) | 22/56 (39.3) | 8/19 (42.1) | 48/107 (44.9) | 20/69 (29.0) | 37/117 (31.7) |
| Carbapenems | |||||||||
| Imipenem | J01DH51 | Watch | 10/28 (35.7) | 373/427 (87.4) | 92/108 (85.2) | 25/36 (69.4) | 105/149 (70.5) | 98/143 (68.5) | 703/891 (78.9) |
| Meropenem | J01DH02 | Watch | 17/48 (35.4) | 542/639 (84.8) | 142/203 (70) | 48/57 (84.2) | 228/346 (65.9) | 148/244 (60.7) | 1125/1537 (73.12%) |
| Etrapenem | J01DH03 | Watch | NA | 96/123 (78.0) | 27/42 (64.3) | 14/19 (73.7) | NA | 2/4 (50.0) | 156/225 (69.3) |
| Macrolides | |||||||||
| Erythromycin | J01FA01 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 296/559 (53) | 296/559 (53) |
| Clarithromycin | J01FA09 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 122/255 (47.8) | 122/255 (47.8) |
| Azithromycin | J01FA10 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 36/128 (28.1) | 36/128 (28.1) |
| Clindamycin | J01FF01 | Access | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 412/665 (62.0) | 412/665 (62.0) |
| Aminoglycosides | |||||||||
| Gentamicin | J01GB03 | Access | 7/38 (18.4) | 291/518 (56.2) | 75/149 (50.3) | 22/48 (45.8) | 120/225 (53.3) | 331/495 (66.9) | 846/1473 (57.4) |
| Amikacin | J01GB06 | Access | 16/41 (39) | 498/631(78.9) | 141/211 (66.8) | 40/58 (69) | 247/356 (69.4) | NA | 942/1297 (72.63%) |
| Tobramycin | J01GB01 | Watch | 8/23 (34.8) | 107/233 (45.9) | 61/111 (55) | 14/23 (60) | 137/227 (60) | NA | 327/617 (52.97%) |
| Fluoroquinolones | |||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | J01MA02 | Watch | 7/32 (21.9) | 164/555 (29.5) | 81/164 (49.4) | 27/47 (57.4) | 150/288 (52.1) | 250/580 (43.1) | 679/1666 (40.8) |
| Levofloxacin | J01MA12 | Watch | 11/23 (47.8) | 143/374 (38.2) | 59/152 (38.8) | 20/39 (51.3) | 117/215 (54.4) | 134/245 (54.7) | 484/1048 (46.2) |
| Norfloxacin | J01MA06 | Watch | NA | 90/344 (26.2) | 46/118 (39.0) | 11/23 (47.8) | 73/182 (40.1) | 33/116 (28.4) | 253/783 (32.36%) |
| Ofloxacin | J01MA01 | Watch | NA | 62/256 (24.2) | 50/83 (60.2) | 1/9 (11.1) | 56/133 (42.1) | 25/68 (36.8) | 194/549 (35.34%) |
| Moxifloxacin | J01MA14 | Watch | NA | NA | 6/34 (17.6) | NA | NA | 56/107 (52.3) | 62/141 (44.0%) |
| Nalidixic acid | J01MB02 | NA | NA | 48/294 (16.3) | 24/104 (23.1) | 2/20 (10.0) | NA | NA | 74/418 (17.70%) |
| Tetracyclines | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | J01AA02 | Access | 1/11 (9.1) | 82/191 (42.9) | 9/20 (45.0) | 3/5 (60.0) | NA | 69/126 (54.8) | 164/353 (46.45) |
| Tetracycline | J01AA07 | Access | 2/16 (12.5) | 77/258 (29.8) | 57/120 (47.5) | NA | NA | 194/399 (48.6) | 339/825 (36.63) |
| Minocycline | J01AA08 | Watch | 21/30 (70.0) | 25/52 (48.1) | 12/19 (63.2) | 5/12 (41.7) | NA | 228/248 (91.9) | 291/361 (80.61%) |
| Tigecycline | J01AA12 | Reserve | NA | 86/95 (90.5) | NA | NA | NA | 60/64 (93.8) | 146/159 (91.82%) |
| Carb–Monobactams | |||||||||
| Aztreonam | J01DF01 | Reserve | NA | 35/100 (35) | 1/3 (33.3) | NA | 14/42 (33.3) | 0/6 (0.0) | 50/151 (33.1) |
| Glycopeptide | |||||||||
| Vancomycin | A07AA09 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 513/737 (69.6) | 513/737 (69.6) |
| Tecoplanin | J01XA02 | Watch | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 73/125 (58.4) | 73/125 (58.4) |
| Polymixin | |||||||||
| Colistin | A07AA10 | Reserve | 28/35 (80.0) | 177/231 (76.6) | 94/99 (94.9) | NA | 179/209 (85.6) | 489/601 (81.36%) | |
| Polymixin-B | A07AA05 | Reserve | 27/28 (96.4) | 80/87 (92.0) | 48/48 (100.0) | NA | 102/108 (94.4) | NA | 265/288 (92.01%) |
| Phosphonic | |||||||||
| Fosfomycin | J01XX01 | Watch | NA | 255/277 (92.1) | 25/32 (78.1) | NA | NA | NA | 280/309 (90.61%) |
| Nitrofuran | |||||||||
| Nitrofurantoin | J01XE01 | Access | 3/5 (60.0) | 171/205 (83.4) | 14/18 (77.8) | NA | 25/34 (73.5) | 222/283 (78.4) | |
| Oxazolidinones | |||||||||
| Linezolid | J01XX08 | Reserve | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 497/575 (86.4) | 497/575 (86.4) |
| Sulphonamide | |||||||||
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | J01EE01 | Access | 1/32 (3.1) | 68/359 (18.9) | 28/92 (30.4) | 4/25 (16.0) | NA | 78/327 (23.8) | 179/835 (21.44%) |