Table 3.
Comparison of postdelivery rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components between women from the intervention group (IG) vs. the control group (CG) and women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) vs. normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Panel A, 3 months postpartum. Panel B, 3 years postpartum.
| CG (369) vs. IG (1031) | GDM (290) vs. NGT (1110) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | RR (95% CI) IG | p | N (%) | RR (95% CI) GDM | p | |
| Panel A. 3 months | ||||||
| Glycemic Status | ||||||
| IFG | 18 (4.9) vs. 29 (2.8) | 0.68 (0.47–0.98) | 0.046 | 19 (6.6) vs. 28 (2.6) | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 0.002 |
| Prediabetes (HBA1c ≥ 5.7%) | 20 (5.4) vs. 71 (6.9) | 1.29 (0.72–2.33) | 0.242 | 30 (10.1) vs. 61 (5.3) | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) | 0.006 |
| MetS components | ||||||
| Raised (WC ≥ 89.5 cm) | 69 (18.7) vs. 202 (19.3) | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | 0.386 | 99 (34.1) vs.172 (15.5) | 1.30 (1.18–1.42) | 0.000 |
| Raised sBP ≥ 130 mmHg | 13 (3.5) vs. 52 (5.0) | 1.46 (0.78–2.70) | 0.147 | 22 (7.6) vs. 43 (3.9) | 1.26 (1.00–1.38) | 0.033 |
| Raised dBP ≥ 85 mmHg | 16 (4.3) vs. 52 (5.0) | 1.17 (0.66–2.08) | 0.351 | 25 (8.6) vs. 43 (3.9) | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 0.007 |
| Raised TRIG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 26 (7.0) vs. 68 (6.5) | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.427 | 26 (8.7) vs. 68 (6.1) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.125 |
| Reduced HDL-C < 50 mg/dL | 35 (9.5) vs. 92 (8.9) | 0.94 (0.62–1.41) | 0.409 | 38 (13.1) vs. 89 (8.0) | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 0.098 |
| AGR | 30 (8.1) vs. 98 (9.5) | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) | 0.435 | 46 (16.2) vs. 82 (7.4) | 1.31 (1.10–1.55) | 0.000 |
| Raised HOMA-IR ≥ 3.5 | 21 (5.7) vs. 46 (4.5) | 0.77 (0.46–1.32) | 0.308 | 18 (6.2) vs. 49 (4.4) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 0.303 |
| >2 componets of MetS | 22 (5.8) vs. 54 (5.3) | 0.94 (0.47–1.90) | 0.493 | 32 (10.6) vs. 44 (4.0) | 1.40 (1.07–1.84) | 0.002 |
| Panel B. 3 Years | ||||||
| Glycemic Status | ||||||
| IFG | 47 (12.8) vs.102(9.9) | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.254 | 77 (30.3) vs. 72 (6.5) | 1.64 (1.39–1.94) | 0.000 |
| Prediabetes (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%) | 58 (13.7) vs. 19 (1.7) | 0.90 (0.80–1.00) | 0.018 | 34 (11.8) vs. 43 (3.9) | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) | 0.000 |
| IGT | 4 (1.2) vs. 9 (0.9) | 0.72 (0.21–2.46) | 0.403 | 10 (3.4) vs. 3 (0.3) | 2.97 (1.13–7.79) | 0.000 |
| MetS components | ||||||
| BMI ≥ 30 (kg/m2) | 28 (7.7) vs. 62 (6.1) | 0.79 (0.49–1.24) | 0.175 | 40 (13.8) vs. 46 (4.1) | 1.73 (1.38–2.17) | 0.000 |
| Raised (WC ≥ 89.5 cm) | 34 (9.2) vs. 45 (4.4) | 0.55 (0.33–0.92) | 0.017 | 29 (10.0) vs. 50 (4.5) | 1.23 (1.04–1.47) | 0.003 |
| Raised sBP ≥ 130 mmHg | 6 (1.8) vs. 21 (2.1) | 1.04 (0.40–2.72) | 0.574 | 14 (4.8) vs. 13 (1.2) | 1.43 (1.01–2.05) | 0.020 |
| Raised dBP ≥ 85 mmHg | 35 (9.3) vs. 3 (0.5) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 0.001 | 8 (2.8) vs. 30 (2.7) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.480 |
| Raised TRIG ≥150 mg/dL | 32 (8.6) vs. 43 (4.2) | 0.59 (0.36–0.96) | 0.023 | 26 (9.0) vs. 49 (4.4) | 1.19 (0.98–1.26) | 0.131 |
| Reduced HDL-C < 50 mg/dL | 78 (21.1)vs.153 (14.8) | 0.83 (0.67–0.98) | 0.048 | 67 (21.7) vs.164 (14.8) | 1.09 (0.99–1.14) | 0.103 |
| AGR | 8 (22.0) vs. 112 (10.9) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.439 | 89 (30.1) vs.104 (9.4) | 1.52 (1.33–1.73) | 0.001 |
| Raised HOMA-IR ≥ 3.5 | 61 (16.6) vs. 118 (11.5) | 0.66 (0.38–1.17) | 0.100 | 56 (19.4) vs.123 (11.1) | 1.22 (1.00–1.50) | 0.022 |
| >2 componets of MetS | 17 (4.5) vs. 15 (1.5) | 0.51 (0.36–0.76) | 0.003 | 18 (6.2) vs. 14 (1.3) | 1.56 (1.09–2.25) | 0.001 |
Data are median (IQR) or number (%). Impaired fasting glucose (IFG); metabolic syndrome (MetS); high-density lipoprotein (HDL); waist circumference (WC); systolic blood pressure (sBP); diastolic blood pressure (dBP); triglycerides (TRG); abnormal glucose regulation (AGR); impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); body mass index (BMI); GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, NGT: normal glucose tolerance; control group (CG); intervention group (IG). P denotes differences between groups.