Table 3.

Potential therapeutic targets and drugs in preclinical stages.

Target	Function	Significance	Drugs in Development	Reference
Malaria Proteases	Degradation of hemoglobin and proteins and aid in cell penetration	Development of the parasite, immune evasion, and activation of inflammation	Not available	[56,57]
Malaria transporters (PSAC, PVM, PfHT, and lactate transporters)	Diffusion of nutrients to infected erythrocyte	Promote growth of the parasite	Preclinical stage (Pentafluoro-3-hydroxy-pent-2-en-1-ones)	[58,59,60,61,62]
V-Type H+ ATPase Channels	Regulate hydrogen ion transportation	Maintain pH for survival of the parasite	Not available	[63]
Aquaporin-3 (AQP3)	Facilitate water and glycerol movement in and out of cells	Parasite survival and replication	Pre-clinical stage (auphen)	[64,65]
Farnesyltransferase	Catalyzing the transfer of farnesyl group from farnesyl pyrophosphate to the C-terminus of proteins containing the CaaX motif	DNA replication, cell division, binding of intracellular proteins to membranes, and protein to protein interaction	Pre-clinical stage (R115777)	[65,66,67]

Plasmodium surface anion channel (PSAC), parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM), P. falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT), and Intravenous (IV).