Table 2.

Nanoemulsion and microemulsion structures employed to encapsulate flavonoids and flavonolignans.

Phytochemical Type	Cargo	Carrier	Disease	In Vitro/In Vivo	Major Outcomes	Ref.
Flavonoid	Naringenin	NEs	Alzheimer disease (AD)	In Vitro	The naringenin-loaded NE alleviated the direct neurotoxic consequences of Aβ on SH-SY5Y cells significantly. This process was once related to a downregulation of APP and BACE expression, indicating decreased amyloidogenesis.	[104]
Flavonoid	Daidzein	NEs and NEGs	Melanoma	In Vitro	All of the formulations benefitted from appropriate pH values for pores and skin complying with zero-order launch kinetics. The DZ launch fees acquired for DZ-NE and DZ-NEG equaled 2.701 ± 0.265 and 1.325 ± 0.117 μg/cm2/h, respectively.	[105]
Flavonoid	Quercetin	NEs	Heart failure and vascular disease (CVD)	In Vitro/In Vivo	Based on the results, quercetin and other polyphenolic substances are enhanced by therapeutic NE.	[106]
Flavonoid	Quercetin	NEs	Diabetes mellitus	In Vivo	The optimized quercetin NE exhibited appropriate stability for forty-five days. The Que-NE demonstrated most useful oral bioavailability unlike Que-PD.	[107]
Flavonoid	Quercetin and cisplatin	NEs	Human breast carcinoma	In Vitro	The new formulations multiplied the antitumor recreation of each of the molecules and the synergistic impact of the cisplatin/quercetin unlike the MDA-MB-231.	[108]
Flavonoid	Quercetin	NEs	High cholesterol	In Vitro/In Vivo	Based on the results, hepatic bile acid synthesis and fecal cholesterol excretion play at least a minimal role in quercetin preventive effects on lipid abnormalities.	[109]
Flavonoid	Quercetin	Olive oil NEs	Cancer	In Vitro	Quercetin-entrapped NEs formed stable complexes with HSA and HTF through improving hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions compared to the non-entrapped quercetin.	[110]
Flavonoid	Quercetin and vincristine	NEs	Leukemia	In Silico/In Vitro	Direct inhibition of ABCB1 efflux activity by the unloaded NE demonstrated the structure–activity link.	[111]
Flavonoid	Hesperidin	NEs	Cancer	In Vitro	HPNEM reduced mir-21 and mir-155 expression, demonstrating its therapeutic potential for breast cancer.	[112]
Flavonoid	Kaempferol	Muco-adhesive NE	Glioma cell line	In Vitro/Ex Vivo/In Vivo	KPF from KPF-MNE displayed higher permeation across the mucosa in ex vivo diffusion studies.	[113]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	Stabilization of SM-NE droplets	In Vitro	Based on the studies, tea saponin has the capacity to prepare SM-NE as natural emulsifiers and act as cryoprotectants to lessen SM-NE damage during freeze-drying.	[119]
Flavonolignan	SLM	MEs	Evaluated the drug delivery systems	In Vitro	The studies indicated prolonged release for MEs compared to SLM solution.	[117]
Flavonolignan	SLM		Improving the bioavailability of SLM	In Vitro	In vitro release of SLM from SMEDDS determined by a dialysis method and an ultrafiltration method showed first-order kinetics and was typical of sustained characteristics.	[118]
Flavonolignan	SLM	MEs	Improving the bioavailability of SLM	In Vitro/In Vivo	SMEDDS is considered as an effective oral drug delivery system for non-water-soluble medications. The most useful system with the exceptional self-microemulsifying and solubilization potential contained 10% (w/w) of ethyl linoleate, 30% of Cremophor EL, and 60% of ethyl alcohol.	[116]
Flavonolignan	Silybin	MEs	Improving the bioavailability of SLM	In Vitro/In Vivo	This study indicates the effectiveness of hyper-saturable formulations as a delivery method for improving the oral bioavailability of drugs which are not regarded as highly soluble.	[120]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	Hepatic diseases	In Vitro	The nanosized formulation allows enhancing bioavailability inside body.	[121]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	A pharmacokinetic study	In Vitro/In Vivo	This study indicates that NE technology can enhance SLM biopharmaceutical capabilities.	[25]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	Hepatic	In Vitro/In Vivo	The drug dissolved rapidly from the NPs, reaching almost 80% during 15 min, indicating three-fold higher dissolution than that of the commercial product.	[26]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	Analyzing bio-accessibility and -stability	In Vitro	Castor oil deteriorated silybin with less stability than extra virgin olive or sunflower oil.	[122]
Flavonolignan	SLM	NEs	Pharmacokinetic study	In Vitro	Based on a pharmacokinetic study, SLM in NE exhibited a significantly (P 0.05) better oral bioavailability than that in oral solution, indicating that NE may be an appropriate oral delivery method for SLM.	[123]