Table 3.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in liver homogenate and serum of male rats exposed to IM and CPF and the ameliorative effect of pomegranate-extract-loaded clove-oil-based nanoemulsion.
| Group | Oxidative Stress Markers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver Tissue | Serum | ||||
| GST (U/g. t.) |
GPx (U/g. t.) |
SOD (U/g. t.) |
CAT (U/g. t.) |
TAC (mM/L) |
|
| I | 12.73 ± 0.14 b | 217.88 ± 7.7 b | 670.2 ± 6.5 b | 0.55 ± 0.03 b | 1.11 ± 0.02 b |
| II | 12.29 ± 0.15 c | 252.89 ± 23.2 a | 676.95 ± 19.8 a | 0.66 ± 0.02 a | 1.15 ± 0.01 a |
| III | 11.91 ± 0.19 d | 180.27 ± 12.4 dc | 637.61 ± 3.9 c | 0.52 ± 0.03 cb | 0.98 ± 0.02 c |
| IV | 10.82 ± 0.27 f | 172.49 ± 7.4 dc | 574.05 ± 11.5 e | 0.48 ± 0.02 d | 0.85 ± 0.04 d |
| V | 9.75 ± 0.22 h | 137.47 ± 5.1 e | 521.1 ± 5.2 g | 0.38 ± 0.02 e | 0.71 ± 0.03 f |
| VI | 13.44 ± 0.13 a | 164.71 ± 6.6 d | 607.65 ± 9.6 d | 0.49 ± 0.01 dc | 0.95 ± 0.03 c |
| VII | 11.18 ± 0.10 e | 130.98 ± 5.5 e | 497.1 ± 12.1 h | 0.42 ± 0.07 e | 0.78 ± 0.02 e |
| VIII | 7.78 ± 0.12 i | 109.71 ± 4.3 f | 401.44 ± 5.04 i | 0.33 ± 0.03 f | 0.66 ± 0.01 g |
| IX | 10.95 ± 0.26 fe | 182.86 ± 9.9 c | 574.05 ± 11.3 e | 0.51 ± 0.02 dc | 0.88 ± 0.04 d |
| X | 10.18 ± 0.16 g | 169.89 ± 7.5 dc | 543.33 ± 11.9 f | 0.49 ± 0.01 dc | 0.86 ± 0.04 d |
Values are the mean ± S.D. Values with the same letter have insignificant differences at p ≤ 0.05. Control group (I); Pomegranate–clove-oil-based nanoemulsion group (II); Imidacloprid-treated groups (III, IV, and V) which received IM in drinking water at doses of 14, 28, and 54 mg/kg bw/day, respectively; Chlorpyrifos-treated groups (VI, VII, and VIII) which received CPF in drinking water at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. IM pomegranate–clove-oil-based nanoemulsion treatment group (IX) received IM at the highest dose (54 mg/kg bw/day) plus nanoemulsion at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day. CPF pomegranate–clove-oil-based nanoemulsion treatment group (X) received CPF at the highest dose (4 mg/kg bw/day) plus nanoemulsion at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day. GST, glutathione S-transferase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; and TAC, total antioxidant capacity.